Estimation of the Benthic Habitat Zonation by Photo-Quadrat Image Analysis along the Fringing Reef of Weno Island, Chuuk, Micronesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Mapping and Transect Lines Installation
2.3. Photo Analysis
2.4. Habitat Classification
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overall Distribution of Benthic Habitat
3.2. Transect Line-1 (TL-1)
3.3. Transect Line-2 (TL-2)
3.4. Transect Line-3 (TL-3)
3.5. Comparison of Inter-Group Distance between the Three Transects
4. Discussion
4.1. Assessment of Methodology
4.2. Benthic Habitat Zonation Patterns by Habitat Zone
4.3. Benthic Habitat Zonation Patterns by Habitat Type Groups
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Type | Classification | Taxon | Morphology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abiotic | Sand | - | - | - |
Rubble | - | - | - | |
Dead coral | - | - | - | |
Rock | - | - | - | |
Coral | Hard coral | Acropora (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Scleractinia: Acroporidae) | Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) Acropora monticulosa (Brüggemann, 1879) Acropora nobilis (Dana, 1846) Acropora sp. | Bottlebrush Branching Digitate Tabulate Encrusting Submassive |
Non-Acropora | Fungiidae spp. Montipora spp. Pavona spp. Pocillopora spp. Porites spp. Porites cylindrica Dana, 1846 | Branching Encrusting Foliaceous Massive Submassive Mushroom Solitary | ||
Soft coral | Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea | Alcyonium sp. Sinularia sp. | - | |
Algae | Macroalgae | Brown macroalgae (Phaeophyta) | Dictyota spp. Padina spp. Sargassum spp. Turbinaria spp. | - |
Red macroalgae (Rhodophyta) | Actinotrichia spp. | - | ||
Green macroalgae (Chlorophyta) | Bornetella spp. Caulerpa spp. Codium spp. | - | ||
Coralline algae | Rhodophyta: Corallinales | - | - | |
Turf algae | Microalgae, Juvenile macroalgae, Cyanobacteria | - | - | |
Halimeda | Chlorophyta: Ulvophyceae | Halimeda spp. | - | |
Seagrass | Angiospermae: Alismatales | Thalassia hemprichii Ascherson, 1871 Cymodocea rotundata Ascherson & Schweinfurt, 1870 Syringodium isoetifolium Dandy, 1939 Enhalus acoroides Royle, 1839 | - | |
Other | Macrofauna | Porifera | - | - |
Tunicata | - | |||
Echinodermata | - | |||
Arthropoda | - | |||
Mollusca | - | |||
Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia | - | |||
Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Milleporidae | Millepora spp. | |||
Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Helioporacea | Heliopora coerulea (Pallas, 1766) | |||
Indeterminate | Indeterminate | - | - | - |
Type | Classification | Taxon | Total (%) | TL1 (%) | TL2 (%) | TL3 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand (S) | - | - | 42.4 | 32.2 | 45.5 | 41.8 |
Rubble (R) | - | - | 8.9 | 6.8 | 10.4 | 7.3 |
Dead coral (DC) | - | - | 1.5 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 0.5 |
Rock (RK) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Hard coral (HC) | Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Scleractinia | Scleractinia total | 3.5 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 1.4 |
Acropora | Acropora spp. total | 1.5 | 5.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | |
Acropora millepora | 0.2 | - | 0.3 | - | ||
Acropora monticulosa | - | - | 0.1 | - | ||
Acropora nobilis | 0.7 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 0.1 | ||
Acropora sp. | 0.6 | 2.4 | 0.4 | - | ||
Non-Acropora | Non-Acropora spp. total | 2.0 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 1.3 | |
Fungiidae spp. | - | - | - | - | ||
Montipora spp. | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | - | ||
Pavona spp. | 0.2 | - | 0.4 | - | ||
Pocillopora spp. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | - | ||
Porites cylindrica | 1.2 | - | 1.7 | 0.8 | ||
Porites spp. | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | ||
Soft coral (SC) | Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea | Alcyonacea total | 2.6 | - | 3.1 | 2.8 |
Alcyonium spp. | - | - | 0.1 | - | ||
Sinularia spp. | 2.5 | - | 3.0 | 2.8 | ||
Macroalgae (MA) | Macroalgae total | - | 2.7 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 1.7 |
Brown macroalgae (Phaeophyta) | Phaeophyta total | 2.5 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 1.7 | |
Dictyota spp. | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.4 | ||
Padina spp. | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.8 | ||
Sargassum spp. | 0.3 | 1.9 | - | - | ||
Turbinaria spp. | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | 0.5 | ||
Green macroalgae (Chlorophyta) | Chlorophyta total | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | |
Bornetella spp. | - | 0.1 | - | - | ||
Caulerpa spp. | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | - | ||
Codium spp. | - | - | - | - | ||
Red macroalgae (Rhodophyta) | Rhodophyta total | - | - | - | 0.1 | |
Actinotrichia spp. | - | - | - | 0.1 | ||
Coralline algae (CA) | Rhodophyta: Corallinales | Corallinales total | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.7 |
Turf algae (TA) | Microalgae, juvenile macroalgae, Cyanobacteria | Turf algae total | 6.0 | 3.1 | 8.1 | 3.4 |
Halimeda (HA) | Chlorophyta: Ulvophyceae | Halimeda spp. total | 4.9 | 7.5 | 5.2 | 2.9 |
Seagrass (SG) | Angiospermae: Alismatales | Alismatales total | 26.1 | 37.2 | 17.1 | 37.4 |
Thalassia hemprichii | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Cymodocea rotundata | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Syringodium isoetifolium | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Enhalus acoroides | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Macrofauna (MF) | Macrofauna total | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - |
Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Milleporidae | Millepora spp. | - | - | - | - | |
Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Helioporacea | Heliopora coerulea | - | - | - | - | |
Porifera | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | |
Tunicata | - | - | - | - | - | |
Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia | - | - | - | - | - | |
Echinodermata | - | - | - | - | - | |
Mollusca | - | - | - | - | - | |
Arthropoda | - | - | - | - | - | |
Indeterminate (IN) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Kim, T.; Lee, D.-W.; Kim, H.-J.; Jung, Y.-H.; Choi, Y.-U.; Oh, J.-H.; Kim, T.-H.; Kang, D.-H.; Park, H.-S. Estimation of the Benthic Habitat Zonation by Photo-Quadrat Image Analysis along the Fringing Reef of Weno Island, Chuuk, Micronesia. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111643
Kim T, Lee D-W, Kim H-J, Jung Y-H, Choi Y-U, Oh J-H, Kim T-H, Kang D-H, Park H-S. Estimation of the Benthic Habitat Zonation by Photo-Quadrat Image Analysis along the Fringing Reef of Weno Island, Chuuk, Micronesia. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2022; 10(11):1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111643
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Taihun, Dae-Won Lee, Han-Jun Kim, Yun-Hwan Jung, Young-Ung Choi, Jung-Hee Oh, Tae-Hoon Kim, Do-Hyung Kang, and Heung-Sik Park. 2022. "Estimation of the Benthic Habitat Zonation by Photo-Quadrat Image Analysis along the Fringing Reef of Weno Island, Chuuk, Micronesia" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11: 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111643
APA StyleKim, T., Lee, D. -W., Kim, H. -J., Jung, Y. -H., Choi, Y. -U., Oh, J. -H., Kim, T. -H., Kang, D. -H., & Park, H. -S. (2022). Estimation of the Benthic Habitat Zonation by Photo-Quadrat Image Analysis along the Fringing Reef of Weno Island, Chuuk, Micronesia. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(11), 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111643