Proposal for a Green Business Model for Biofortified Foods in the Municipality of Chocontá, Cundinamarca
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Agricultural Production Model Assessment in Chocontá
2.2. Methodology for Physicochemical Properties of Biofortified Foods in Chocontá
2.3. Methodology for Theoretical Design of an Agricultural Production Model for Biofortified Foods
- Demand: Determined by customer requirements, which can be further subdivided into forecasts based on real orders, historical data, and relevant studies.
- Inventory: The amount of raw material and/or product available to meet customer demand.
- Quantity of seedlings to harvest (MPS).
3. Results
3.1. Diagnosis of Agricultural Production Model in Chocontá
3.2. Physicochemical Properties of Biofortified Foods in Chocontá
3.3. Theoretical Design of an Agricultural Production Model for Biofortified Foods
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis for Diagnosis of Agricultural Production Model in Chocontá
4.2. Physicochemical Properties of Biofortified Foods in Chocontá
4.3. Theoretical Design of Agricultural Production Model for Biofortified Foods
4.3.1. Business Model
- The economic viability of the business.
- Positive environmental impact of the product or service.
- Life cycle approach to the product or service.
- Useful life.
- Non-use of hazardous substances or materials.
- Recyclability of materials and use of recycled materials.
- Efficient and sustainable use of resources to produce the product or service.
- Social responsibility within the company.
- Social and environmental responsibility in the company’s value chain.
- Social and environmental responsibility outside the company.
- Communication of social or environmental attributes associated with the product or service.
- Schemes, programs, or environmental or social recognitions projected for implementation.
4.3.2. Product Life Cycle Approach
4.3.3. Economic Viability
4.3.4. Market Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Description | Level | Total Factor | % Factor |
---|---|---|---|---|
Political | Alignment between the strategic lines established by regulatory entities | 2 | 5 | 9.60% |
Implementation of strategic lines for agricultural production | 1 | |||
Change of government | 1 | |||
Sudden decisions in market dynamics | 1 | |||
Economic | High participation of agricultural production in GDP | 2 | 17 | 32.70% |
Displacement to achieve food commercialization | 3 | |||
High food production in the department | 2 | |||
Susceptibility to market disruptions | 1 | |||
High fluctuations in the dollar affecting input prices | 3 | |||
Inflation in the family shopping basket | 2 | |||
High percentage of the population engaged in agricultural activities | 2 | |||
Social | Equitable presence of men and women | 1 | 5 | 9.60% |
High percentage of rural population | 2 | |||
Access to primary education predominates | 2 | |||
Technological | Production of heavy machinery | 1 | 7 | 13.46% |
Conventional production system | 2 | |||
Tools with limited technological advancement | 2 | |||
Absence of systematized processes | 1 | |||
Criteria for food selection based on experience | 1 | |||
Environmental | Presence of natural reserves | 2 | 13 | 25.00% |
Water bodies affected by agriculture | 3 | |||
Poor water quality | 3 | |||
Soil degradation | 3 | |||
Discharges and waste into the Bogotá River | 2 | |||
Legal | Robust regulations | 2 | 5 | 9.60% |
Environmental authorities monitoring | 2 | |||
Community resistance to legal compliance | 1 |
Component | Romaine Lettuce (Parris Island) | Iceberg Lettuce (Lactuca sativa Variedad Capitata) | Strawberries (Fragari) | Frijol Bola Roja (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antioxidants (mg EAA g−1 PF)% | 1.895 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 73.33 ± 8.88 | 12.10 |
Anthocyanins (mg EA mL) | N/A | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 8.47 ± 0.07 | 9.27 ± 0.07 |
Total Zinc (mg/L) | 2.52 ± 0.400 | 1.43 ± 0.400 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 11 ± 3 |
Total Iron (mg/L) | 1.320 ± 0.200 | 0.36 ± 0.10 | N/A | 171 ± 3 |
Calculation 1. Initial Inventory |
---|
Initial Inventory = Final Inventory (n-1) |
n-1 = Inventory from the previous week |
Calculation 2. Units to Produce (MPS) |
MPS = If (II ≥ MAX (P1 P2)) |
II = Initial Inventory |
P1 = Forecast |
P2 = Orders |
Calculation 3. Final Inventory |
IF = II + MPS – MAX (P1 P2) |
IF = Final Inventory |
Calculation 4. Available Quantity |
CD = II + MPS − MAS (P2) |
CD = Available Quantity |
Component | Romaine Lettuce (Parris Island) | Iceberg Lettuce (Lactuca sativa Variedad Capitata) | Strawberries (Fragari) | Frijol Bola Roja (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Antioxidants (mg EAA g−1 PF)% | 2277 | 0.024 ± 0.01 | 87.96 ± 8.88 | 14.52 |
Anthocyanins (mg EA mL) | N/A | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 10.16 ± 0.07 | 11.12 ± 0.07 | |
Total Zinc (mg/L) | 3.024 ± 0.400 | 1.73 ± 0.400 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 13.2 ± 3 | |
Total Iron (mg/L) | 1.584 ± 0.200 | 0.43 ± 0.10 | N/A | 205.2 ± 3 | |
Regulations | Resolution 810 of 2021 and Resolution 2492 of 2022 (20% to 100% of the Reference Nutrient Value) mg | 0.3 ER | 0.3 ER | 20 | 11 |
Resolution 3803 of 2016 mg/L (Tolerable Upper Intake Level—UL) | 0.63 ER | 0.63 ER | 35 | 45 |
Demand (kg/year) | 185,784 |
Demand (kg/month) | 13,469 |
Demand (kg/cycle) for 3 intervals every 10 days | 44,469 |
Seedlings per parcel | 10,000 |
Cost Item | Description | Amount Required for the Investment | Unit Cost (COP) | Total Cost (COP) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Seeds | Biofortified seed purchase | 144 Bags | $68,000 | $9,792,000 |
Fertilizers | Soil amendment and nutrient input | 60 L | $44,900 | $2,694,000 |
Pesticides | Pest and disease management | 1 Lump | $41,000 | $41,000 |
Tools and Equipment | Agricultural tools and supplies | 3 tools | $882,334 | $2,647,000 |
Labor | Field preparation and crop care | 12 professionals per month | $26,000,000 | $78,000,000 |
Utilities | Water, electricity and fuel | 6 Utilities | $189,213 | $1,135,278 |
Other Operating Costs | Transportation, packaging, etc. | 3 Packaging (324,000 Units) | $8,100,000 | $24,300,000 |
1 Transportation Bogotá | $800,000 | $800,000 | ||
1 Transport outside | $1,800,000 | $1,800,000 | ||
Total Investment | $121,209,278 |
Environmental Indicator | Conventional System in Lettuce’s Harvest | Green Model (Proposed) | Estimated Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Carbon footprint (kg CO2−eq/kg) | 1.8–2.5 | 1.1–1.5 | ~40% |
Water footprint (L/kg) | 190–250 | 120–150 | ~35% |
Nitrogen runoff (g N/kg) | 4.2–6.0 | 1.8–2.5 | ~55% |
Plastic packaging (g/kg) | 18–25 (single-use) | 5–10 (biodegradable or reusable) | ~60% |
On-farm waste generation (kg/ha) | 550–700 | 300–400 | ~40% |
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Ortega-Ramírez, A.T.; Escobar Toro, L.F.; Reyes Tovar, M. Proposal for a Green Business Model for Biofortified Foods in the Municipality of Chocontá, Cundinamarca. Agriculture 2025, 15, 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15090991
Ortega-Ramírez AT, Escobar Toro LF, Reyes Tovar M. Proposal for a Green Business Model for Biofortified Foods in the Municipality of Chocontá, Cundinamarca. Agriculture. 2025; 15(9):991. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15090991
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtega-Ramírez, Angie Tatiana, Luisa Fernanda Escobar Toro, and Miriam Reyes Tovar. 2025. "Proposal for a Green Business Model for Biofortified Foods in the Municipality of Chocontá, Cundinamarca" Agriculture 15, no. 9: 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15090991
APA StyleOrtega-Ramírez, A. T., Escobar Toro, L. F., & Reyes Tovar, M. (2025). Proposal for a Green Business Model for Biofortified Foods in the Municipality of Chocontá, Cundinamarca. Agriculture, 15(9), 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15090991