Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation and Water Regime Effects on Seedling P Uptake by Rice and Pearl Millet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials
2.2. Experimental Design
2.2.1. Three Inoculant Types (Exp. 1)
2.2.2. Indigenous AMF in Two Soil Types (Exp. 2)
2.2.3. Water Regimes (Exp. 3 and Exp. 4)
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Shoot Growth
2.3.2. Shoot Phosphorus Concentration and Uptake
2.3.3. Root Growth
2.3.4. Root AMF Infection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exp. 1 Inoculation Types
3.2. Exp. 2 Soil Types
3.3. Exp. 3 and Exp. 4 Water Regimes
4. Discussion
4.1. Inoculation Types and Indigenous AMF
4.2. Inoculation and Water Regime Effects
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | M% | A% | RLD | RTA | P% | P Uptake | SDW | PH | LA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inoculation (I) | *** | NS | *** | * | NS | NS | *** | NS | *** |
C | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 27 ± 3 ab | 9.6 ± 0.9 ab | 0.146 ± 0.018 | 0.017 ± 0.003 | 0.011 ± 0.000 ab | 11.4 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.0 b |
I1 | 2.4 ± 1.1 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 31 ± 5 b | 12.5 ± 1.4 b | 0.173 ± 0.027 | 0.023 ± 0.005 | 0.013 ± 0.000 b | 12.9 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.1 ab |
I2 | 13.1 ± 3.7 b | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 19 ± 3 a | 10.5 ± 1.3 ab | 0.149 ± 0.009 | 0.014 ± 0.004 | 0.008 ± 0.001 a | 12.2 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.1 a |
I3 | 7.5 ± 2.6 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 21 ± 2 a | 8.4 ± 0.8 a | 0.126 ± 0.008 | 0.016 ± 0.003 | 0.012 ± 0.002 b | 12.2 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.1 a |
Genotype (G) | * | NS | ** | ** | NS | *** | ** | *** | *** |
millet891 | 2.2 ± 0.9 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 17 ± 2 a | 9.1 ± 1.3 a | 0.135 ± 0.018 | 0.010 ± 0.001 a | 0.006 ± 0.002 a | 6.2 ± 1.3 a | 3.3 ± 0.1 a |
millet954 | 5.8 ± 1.9 ab | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 14 ± 3 a | 7.9 ± 0.8 a | 0.140 ± 0.012 | 0.007 ± 0.001 a | 0.004 ± 0.002 a | 5.2 ± 1.7 a | 3.3 ± 0.1 a |
ricek | 11.4 ± 4.1 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 28 ± 2 b | 10.5 ± 0.9 ab | 0.173 ± 0.027 | 0.024 ± 0.004 b | 0.013 ± 0.002 b | 17.2 ± 1.6 b | 3.9 ± 0.1 b |
ricet | 3.6 ± 1.8 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 39 ± 4 c | 13.6 ± 1.2 c | 0.147 ± 0.006 | 0.030 ± 0.002 b | 0.016 ± 0.001 c | 17.9 ± 1.5 b | 4.0 ± 0.1 b |
I×G | NS | NS | * | NS | NS | NS | * | * | NS |
Parameters | RLD | SDW | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | I1 | I2 | I3 | C | I1 | I2 | I3 | |
millet891 | 23 ± 4 abc | 21 ± 3 abc | 13 ± 3 ab | 10 ± 2 a | 0.007 ± 0.001 a | 0.007 ± 0.001 a | 0.007 ± 0.000 a | 0.007 ± 0.001 a |
millet954 | 22 ± 11 abc | 10 ± 6 a | 10 ± 4 a | 14 ± 2 ab | 0.004 ± 0.001 a | 0.003 ± 0.001 a | 0.004 ± 0.001 a | 0.006 ± 0.00 a |
ricek | 33 ± 5 c | 33 ± 5 c | 22 ± 6 bc | 25 ± 3 bc | 0.016 ± 0.003 bcd | 0.016 ± 0.001 bcd | 0.007 ± 0.002 a | 0.014 ± 0.001 b |
ricet | 33 ± 5 c | 59 ± 4 d | 33 ± 7 c | 33 ± 4 c | 0.018 ± 0.003 bcd | 0.024 ± 0.002 e | 0.015 ± 0.005 bc | 0.020 ± 0.001 cde |
Parameters | M% | A% | RLD | RTA | P% | P Uptake | SDW | PH | LA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil (S) | ** | NS | NS | NS | ** | NS | *** | *** | *** |
UP | 32.9 ± 4 b | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 13 ± 4 | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 0.417 ± 0.020 b | 0.015 ± 0.004 | 0.004 ± 0.002 a | 7.4 ± 1.5 a | 2.9 ± 0.1 a |
PD | 10.2 ± 6 a | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 24 ± 2 | 8.4 ± 0.4 | 0.199 ± 0.085 a | 0.021 ± 0.003 | 0.010 ± 0.000 b | 11.5 ± 1.2 b | 3.7 ± 0.1 b |
Genotype (G) | *** | NS | NS | NS | NS | * | *** | *** | *** |
millet891 | 4.2 ± 1.8 a | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 12 ± 3 | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 0.249 ± 0.062 | 0.010 ± 0.002 a | 0.005 ± 0.001 a | 4.9 ± 0.8 a | 3.0 ± 0.2 a |
millet954 | 28.9 ± 8.1 b | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 8 ± 2 | 8.2 ± 0.6 | 0.454 ± 0.136 | 0.012 ± 0.003 a | 0.003 ± 0.000 a | 3.5 ± 0.3 a | 3.0 ± 0.1 a |
ricek | 28.4 ± 10.9 b | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 27 ± 5 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 0.22 ± 0.020 | 0.022 ± 0.006 ab | 0.009 ± 0.002 b | 15.1 ± 1.2 b | 3.5 ± 0.2 b |
ricet | 24.7 ± 6.6 b | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 27 ± 5 | 9.4 ± 0.9 | 0.31 ± 0.117 | 0.028 ± 0.005 b | 0.011 ± 0.003 b | 14.4 ± 1.6 b | 3.7 ± 0.2 b |
SxG | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | * | NS | NS |
Parameters | M% | A% | RLD | RTA | P% | P Uptake | SDW | PH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water (W) | NS | NS | *** | *** | NS | ** | *** | *** |
FL | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 27 ± 3 b | 12.5 ± 1.2 b | 0.153 ± 0.008 | 0.023 ± 0.004 b | 0.015 ± 0.002 c | 13.9 ± 1.8 b |
W100 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 30 ± 5 b | 12.5 ± 1.4 b | 0.173 ± 0.027 | 0.023 ± 0.005 b | 0.013 ± 0.002 bc | 12.9 ± 1.7 ab |
W50 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 0.6 | 30 ± 2 b | 10.5 ± 0.6 b | 0.166 ± 0.023 | 0.022 ± 0.003 b | 0.011 ± 0.001 ab | 12.6 ± 1.2 ab |
W25 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 19 ± 3 a | 6.2 ± 1.0 a | 0.166 ± 0.011 | 0.011 ± 0.004 a | 0.006 ± 0.001 a | 10.7 ± 1.5 a |
Genotype (G) | NS | NS | *** | NS | NS | *** | *** | *** |
millet891 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 15 ± 2 a | 10.1 ± 1.5 | 0.128 ± 0.016 | 0.008 ± 0.001 a | 0.006 ± 0.001 a | 6.4 ± 0.2 a |
millet954 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 17 ± 2 a | 9.1 ± 1.2 | 0.168 ± 0.015 | 0.009 ± 0.001 a | 0.005 ± 0.000 a | 5.7 ± 0.3 a |
ricek | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 35 ± 2 b | 10.3 ± 1.0 | 0.184 ± 0.025 | 0.031 ± 0.004 b | 0.016 ± 0.001 b | 18.3 ± 0.7 b |
ricet | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 40 ± 3 c | 12.2 ± 1.2 | 0.180 ± 0.013 | 0.032 ± 0.002 b | 0.018 ± 0.001 b | 19.7 ± 0.6 c |
WxG | * | NS | *** | NS | NS | NS | *** | *** |
Parameters | M% | A% | V% | RLD | RTA | P% | P Uptake | SDW | PH | TN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water (W) | NS | NS | NS | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
FL | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 9 ± 1 a | 87.4 ± 6.4 d | 0.127 ± 0.007 ab | 0.354 ± 0.062 c | 0.252 ± 0.037 d | 30.5 ± 2.8 d | 2.3 ± 0.2 ab |
SS | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 10 ± 1 ab | 101.8 ± 5.7 e | 0.118 ± 0.008 ab | 0.439 ± 0.072 d | 0.336 ± 0.043 e | 30.8 ± 2.7 d | 2.5 ± 0.3 b |
W100 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 10 ± 1 ab | 77.0 ± 3.3 c | 0.136 ± 0.01 ab | 0.257 ± 0.028 b | 0.206 ± 0.021 c | 27.5 ± 1.9 c | 2.0 ± 0.2 ab |
W50 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 11 ± 1 b | 55.8 ± 2.7 b | 0.112 ± 0.01 a | 0.194 ± 0.022 ab | 0.163 ± 0.010 b | 24.8 ± 1.4 b | 1.7 ± 0.1 ab |
W25 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 9 ± 1 a | 40.5 ± 3.1 a | 0.142 ± 0.005 b | 0.163 ± 0.019 a | 0.108 ± 0.012 a | 19.1 ± 1.4 a | 1.4 ± 0.1 a |
Inoculation (I) | *** | * | NS | *** | *** | NS | NS | *** | NS | *** |
C | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 9 ± 1 a | 67.4 ± 3.8 a | 0.124 ± 0.005 | 0.274 ± 0.035 | 0.198 ± 0.020 a | 26.5 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 0.1 a |
I | 2.7 ± 0.4 b | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 10 ± 1 b | 77.6 ± 3.6 b | 0.130 ± 0.005 | 0.289 ± 0.028 | 0.228 ± 0.019 b | 26.6 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 0.1 b |
Genotype (G) | NS | NS | NS | *** | *** | NS | *** | *** | *** | *** |
millet891 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 6 ± 0 a | 59.9 ± 3.9 a | 0.122 ± 0.009 | 0.119 ± 0.013 b | 0.096 ± 0.009 a | 15.4 ± 0.5 a | 2.0 ± 0.0 a |
millet954 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 6 ± 0 a | 76.5 ± 5.4 b | 0.120 ± 0.007 | 0.101 ± 0.013 a | 0.079 ± 0.008 a | 15.6 ± 0.5 a | 2.0 ± 0.0 a |
ricek | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 14 ± 0 b | 62.5 ± 3.3 a | 0.133 ± 0.009 | 0.440 ± 0.044 c | 0.339 ± 0.025 b | 38.1 ± 1.2 b | 3.0 ± 0.1 b |
ricet | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 14 ± 0 b | 91.2 ± 6.5 c | 0.134 ± 0.005 | 0.465 ± 0.043 d | 0.339 ± 0.026 b | 37.2 ± 1.2 b | 3.0 ± 0.1 b |
WxI | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | *** | NS | NS | *** | NS |
WxG | NS | NS | NS | * | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
IxG | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | *** | *** | * | NS | * |
WxIxG | NS | NS | NS | *** | NS | NS | * | NS | *** | NS |
Parameters | P% | P uptake | SDW | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | I | C | I | C | I | |
millet891 | 0.098 ± 0.008 a | 0.145 ± 0.014 c | 0.074 ± 0.014 a | 0.163 ± 0.016 b | 0.071 ± 0.012 a | 0.120 ± 0.011 b |
millet954 | 0.100 ± 0.006 a | 0.140 ± 0.010 b | 0.053 ± 0.009 a | 0.150 ± 0.018 b | 0.047 ± 0007 a | 0.111 ± 0.009 b |
ricek | 0.150 ± 0.013 c | 0.117 ± 0.009 ab | 0.488 ± 0.063 d | 0.392 ± 0.061 c | 0.339 ± 0.034 c | 0.339 ± 0.038 c |
ricet | 0.145 ± 0.006 c | 0.120 ± 0.005 ab | 0.480 ± 0.062 d | 0.451 ± 0.061 cd | 0.334 ± 0.036 c | 0.343 ± 0.037 c |
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Y, P.; Kamoshita, A. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation and Water Regime Effects on Seedling P Uptake by Rice and Pearl Millet. Agriculture 2025, 15, 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070753
Y P, Kamoshita A. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation and Water Regime Effects on Seedling P Uptake by Rice and Pearl Millet. Agriculture. 2025; 15(7):753. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070753
Chicago/Turabian StyleY, Phoura, and Akihiko Kamoshita. 2025. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation and Water Regime Effects on Seedling P Uptake by Rice and Pearl Millet" Agriculture 15, no. 7: 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070753
APA StyleY, P., & Kamoshita, A. (2025). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation and Water Regime Effects on Seedling P Uptake by Rice and Pearl Millet. Agriculture, 15(7), 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070753