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Agriculture
Volume 15
Issue 23
10.3390/agriculture15232490
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Article

Phylogenetic and Pathogenic Characterization of Cytospora Species Causing Apple Canker in Kazakhstan

by
Zhanar Tulegenova
1,2,
Saltanat Nayekova
1,2,
Alikhan Zhaxylykov
1,
Aidar Spanbayev
2,
Kazbek Dyussembayev
1,2,
Gulzhamal Mukiyanova
3,
Тursunbayev Nariman
4,
Vladimir Kiyan
1,5,
Emre Sevindik
6 and
Cafer Eken
7,*
1
Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
2
Department of Biotechnology and microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
3
Department of Bioengineering Systems, Shakarim University, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan
4
LLP “UniFruit”, Talgar-Almaty 040400, Kazakhstan
5
Scientific Center for Biological Research, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
6
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09070 Aydın, Türkiye
7
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 32260 Isparta, Türkiye
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2025, 15(23), 2490; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232490 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 22 October 2025 / Revised: 25 November 2025 / Accepted: 28 November 2025 / Published: 29 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Apple (Malus domestica) is a very important crop grown in Kazakhstan. Cytospora species are capable of causing destructive stem cankers on a wide range of woody plants, including apples, and can lead to twig and branch dieback. This study aimed to identify the Cytospora species responsible for canker disease of apple in Kazakhstan and to assess the susceptibility of major apple cultivars to these pathogens. Investigations were conducted in Almaty, Kazakhstan, during 2023 and 2024. Samples from symptomatic trees were collected, and nine Cytospora isolates were obtained from diseased apple trees. Multigene phylogenetic analysis based on combined sequence data of ITS, tef1-α, tub2, and LSU loci, together with morphological characteristics and pathogenicity assays, revealed two Cytospora species: C. leucostoma and C. sorbicola. The reactions of six apple cultivars (Gala, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Granny Smith, Fuji, and Jonaprince) to these species were evaluated, and statistically significant differences were found among cultivars (p < 0.05). The largest lesions occurred on Red Delicious and Fuji, indicating that these cultivars are the most susceptible. In contrast, lesion lengths on Jonaprince were significantly smaller than on all other cultivars, suggesting that Jonaprince is resistant to Cytospora species in Kazakhstan. This is the first report of C. leucostoma and C. sorbicola causing apple canker disease in Kazakhstan.
Keywords: Cytospora; Malus domestica; Genetic; ITS; tef1-α; tub2; LSU; cultivar reaction Cytospora; Malus domestica; Genetic; ITS; tef1-α; tub2; LSU; cultivar reaction

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tulegenova, Z.; Nayekova, S.; Zhaxylykov, A.; Spanbayev, A.; Dyussembayev, K.; Mukiyanova, G.; Nariman, Т.; Kiyan, V.; Sevindik, E.; Eken, C. Phylogenetic and Pathogenic Characterization of Cytospora Species Causing Apple Canker in Kazakhstan. Agriculture 2025, 15, 2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232490

AMA Style

Tulegenova Z, Nayekova S, Zhaxylykov A, Spanbayev A, Dyussembayev K, Mukiyanova G, Nariman Т, Kiyan V, Sevindik E, Eken C. Phylogenetic and Pathogenic Characterization of Cytospora Species Causing Apple Canker in Kazakhstan. Agriculture. 2025; 15(23):2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232490

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tulegenova, Zhanar, Saltanat Nayekova, Alikhan Zhaxylykov, Aidar Spanbayev, Kazbek Dyussembayev, Gulzhamal Mukiyanova, Тursunbayev Nariman, Vladimir Kiyan, Emre Sevindik, and Cafer Eken. 2025. "Phylogenetic and Pathogenic Characterization of Cytospora Species Causing Apple Canker in Kazakhstan" Agriculture 15, no. 23: 2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232490

APA Style

Tulegenova, Z., Nayekova, S., Zhaxylykov, A., Spanbayev, A., Dyussembayev, K., Mukiyanova, G., Nariman, Т., Kiyan, V., Sevindik, E., & Eken, C. (2025). Phylogenetic and Pathogenic Characterization of Cytospora Species Causing Apple Canker in Kazakhstan. Agriculture, 15(23), 2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232490

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