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Article

First Report of Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt, 1879) on Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz in Poland and Assessment of Its Host Suitability for This Nematode

by
Renata Dobosz
1,
Roman Krawczyk
2,* and
Łukasz Flis
3
1
Department of Entomology and Animal Pests, Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Wegorka 20, 61-318 Poznan, Poland
2
Department of Weed Science and Plant Protection Techniques, Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Wegorka 20, 61-318 Poznan, Poland
3
Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda Street 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2025, 15(18), 1908; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15181908
Submission received: 10 July 2025 / Revised: 3 September 2025 / Accepted: 4 September 2025 / Published: 9 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)
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Abstract

Heterodera schachtii, a nematode primarily feeding on sugar beet and cruciferous plants, e.g., rapeseed, cabbage, broccoli, mustard, and radish, had a significant impact on Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. The isolation of H. schachtii cysts from C. sativa roots and a known data gap regarding their development on this plant prompted an investigation into their interaction. A pot experiment conducted under controlled conditions in a growth chamber showed that H. schachtii completes its full development cycle in the roots of spring (UP, Smielowska, Borowska, Omega) and winter (Lemka, Maczuga, Luna, Przybrodzka) camelina cultivars at temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 °C. Female nematodes and cysts were most abundant in the Omega cultivar at 20 °C, averaging 9.25 per plant. Nematode feeding did not affect the height or fresh weight of the plants. Plants of the Przybrodzka cultivar had fewer leaves than the control plants. More siliques were observed on the control plants of the UP cultivar kept at 15 °C and those of the UP and Borowska cultivars at 20 °C. Under natural conditions, the number of eggs and larvae in the soil decreased by approximately 50% during the camelina growth cycle for both spring and winter biotypes.

1. Introduction

Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) is an annual oilseed crop within the family Brassicaceae Burnett and the Camelina Crantz genus. The largest areas of land used for camelina farming are located mainly in southern Canada, the Upper Midwest of the United States, the Russian Federation, and Europe. In 2020, Canada and Europe’s approximate camelina-harvested area was 4050 hectares and 10,000 hectares, respectively. In Europe, the yield of camelina seed ranges between 0.7 and 3.4 Mg DM ha−1 in Poland and Italy, respectively [1,2]. As an annual with a short life cycle, consisting of both spring and winter biotypes, camelina is characterized by broad environmental adaptability and low water and fertilizer input requirements, which enables its production in marginal lands in milder environments on the Mediterranean [2,3,4]. Camelina is grown as a cover crop, between two main crops in double-cropping systems. Cultivation of winter camelina prevents erosion and promotes carbon sequestration in soil [5]. It was demonstrated that camelina can be successfully grown under organic farming systems when mixed with lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L. or Lupinus album L.), lentils (Lens culinaris L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) [2,6]. In mixed cropped camelina and grain peas, significant suppression of Fallopia convolvulus (L.), Sonchus oleraceus L. and Matricaria recutita L. was observed [7].
The wide cross-industry application of camelina is due to its biological properties, its low susceptibility to insect infestation, as well as its low vulnerability to bird damage [8]. The occurrence of rutin and related flavonoids in camelina shoots and leaves plays a role in its resistance to flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae) feeding [9]. The defensive function against flea beetles feeding is also attributed to quercetin glycosides present in the stems and leaves of camelina plants [10]. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles from C. sativa extract have also shown toxicity and effectiveness in repelling Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.), the main insect pests of stored wheat Triticum aestivum L. grains [11]. Camelina has proven to be a suitable host for the polyphagous species of aphids Aphis fabae (Scop) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) [12]. An important achievement is the modification of camelina seeds to increase the production of (Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid—a sex pheromone precursor of several moth species. Catch traps used to monitor the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., in cabbage and disrupting mating of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, in common bean fields containing hormones produced on the basis of the precursor obtained in this manner have proven to be as effective as those using the natural hormone [13].
Reports on the interactions of camelina and plant parasitic nematodes are scarce and concern Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch, 1924) [14,15,16,17], Xiphinema index Thorne and Allen, 1950 and Pratylenchus thornei Sher and Allen, 1953 and Heterodera glycines Ichinohe [18,19,20].
Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt, 1879) is a plant-parasitic nematode, widespread globally, that is primarily known as a pest of sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. It is capable of infesting over 200 plant species, with a primary host range within the Chenopodiaceae and Brassicaceae families [21,22,23,24]. The source of infection is cysts remaining in the soil, filled with nematode eggs and larvae. Stimulated by root exudates from host plants and a soil temperature of approximately 10 °C, the cysts release invasive J2 larvae. After penetrating the roots, the larvae progress through the subsequent stages of the development cycle until they reach the J4 stage. Females take on the shape of lemons and remain in the roots. The worm-like males die after fertilizing the females. Females lay eggs inside their bodies, die, and detach from the roots. The nematode’s development cycle lasts 4 to 6 weeks. The optimal temperatures for H. schachtii development range from 20 to 27 °C. Depending on conditions, two or more generations of the sugar beet nematode can develop during the growing season [25].
A considerable number of species in the Brassica genus, as well common weeds, are hosts to the sugar beet nematode H. schachtii [24]. In Poland, however, no studies have been conducted on the occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes in camelina crops and their relationship with beet cyst nematode.
Assuming C. sativa serves as host for H. schachtii and that its growth impacts nematode soil populations, we examined how camelina growth affects soil nematode numbers. Our aim was to determine the developmental capacity of the beet cyst nematode on spring and winter camelina varieties and to compare nematode populations before and after the growing season.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Identification of Cyst Nematode in Soil Cultivated with Camelina—Sample Collection

A sample of camelina roots was collected from a field containing camelina crop in Szamotuły, (Wielkopolska region, Poland), in the spring of 2019. Cysts containing nematode juveniles (J2) were isolated from plant roots and surrounding soil using a Seinhorst elutriator [26]. Nematode species identification was conducted based on the morphology and morphometric features of cysts and J2 stage [27]. The morphological identification was followed up with molecular identification performed on ribosomal gene sequences 28S rDNA and ITS rDNA. Five J2-stage individuals were transferred to separate 0.2 mL polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tubes containing 25 μL sterile water. An equal volume of the lysis buffer was added [28]. The lysis occurred in a Veriti 96-Well Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) at 65 °C for 3 h followed by a 5 min incubation at 100 °C. The obtained single J2-stage nematode lysate (crude DNA extract) was either used immediately as a DNA template for a PCR, or stored at −20 °C. In the PCR, both D2A (5′-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGTT-3′) and D3B (5′-TCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA-3′) primers were used to amplify the 28S rDNA [29], whereas F194 (5′-CGTAACAAG GTAGCTGTAG-3′) [30] and 5368 (5′-TTICACTCGCCGTIACAGG-3′) [31] primers were used to amplify the ITS rDNA. All PCRs were performed in Veriti 96-Well Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) as follows: an initial denaturation step at 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 54 °C (58 °C in case of D2A-D3B primer combination) for 30 s and 72 °C for 70 s with a final incubation for 5–7 min at 72 °C. PCR amplification products were sequenced by an ABI 3500L genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The newly produced sequences were compared with those deposited in National Canter of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST, version 2.10.0).

2.2. Evaluation of the Heterodera schachtii Development on Camelina Roots

A beet cyst nematode population was collected from a sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. field and identified to the species level based on the diagnostic protocols of [27] and analysis of diagnostic DNA sequences. Inoculated plants were removed from soil and their roots carefully washed. The cysts were extracted from the soil using the Seinhorst elutriator [26]. Isolated cysts were placed in the Petri dishes with ZnCl2 to obtain J2 individuals.
The experiment concerned the following plant species: camelina Camelina sativa, cultivar Borowska (IHAR Poznań); cultivars: Lenka, Maczuga, Luna, Przybrodzka, UP, Omega (Poznań University of Life Science, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poland), cultivar: Śmiłowska (Marcin Just, Śmiłowo, Poland), spring oilseed rape Brassica napus L. cultivar Marcus (Strzelce Plant Breeding, Strzelce, Poland), winter oilseed rape cultivar Poznaniak (Małopolska Plant Breeding, Kraków, Poland), and sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. cultivars: Centurion and Kujavia (Kutno Sugarbeet Plant Breeding, Kłodawa, Poland). Seeds of all plant species and cultivars used in the study were sown in pots filled with sterile soil substrate (potting soil/gravel 1:1) and kept under controlled conditions of 20 ± 1 °C and day and night length (16/8), until they reached the appropriate development stage assessed using the BBCH scale (“Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie”) [32]. Soil sterilization was carried out for 30 min at 121 °C and 205 kPa.

2.2.1. Heterodera schachtii Growth on Camelina Roots

The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions of 15, 20 and 25 ± 1 °C and a photoperiod of day and night length of 16/8 h. 0.5 L pots were filled with sterile soil substrate and planted with three seedlings of each camelina cultivar or each of control plants: B. vulgaris, B. napus (BBCH 12). After three days, the potted seedlings were divided into two groups. The plants in the first group had their root zones inoculated with J2 at a density of 150 J2 per plant, whereas those in the second group (control plants) remained free of the nematode. Camelina plants (spring forms) during the silique formation stage (BBCH 91) and the remaining plants were removed from the pots and gently cleaned of soil. Using a magnifying glass, females on the roots were counted. Nematode cysts were isolated from the soil and counted using a stereoscopic microscope OLYMPUS SZ-6045 (Olympus, Japan) with 40× magnification. The plants were weighed and their height was measured, and the number of leaves and siliques was counted. The experiment was performed in four runs for each combination.

2.2.2. Susceptibility of Camelina at Various Growth Stages to Heterodera schachtii

Seeds from each of the camelina cultivars were sown into 0.5 L pots filled with sterile soil substrate to obtain three plants in the BBCH 10, BBCH 12, BBCH 15, BBCH 19, BBCH 30 and BBCH 51 development stages in each pot. The experiment was performed under controlled conditions of 20 ± 1 °C and day and night length (16/8 h). J2 nematode water suspension was inoculated into the root zone at a density of 150 J2 per plant. After the spring forms had formed siliques, all plants were removed from the pots, their roots were cleaned of soil, and female nematodes were counted. Cysts were isolated from the soil and counted using a stereoscopic microscope OLYMPUS SZ-6045 (with 40× magnification).

2.2.3. Assessment of Changes in the Heterodera schachtii Population Density in the Soil Cultivated with Selected Camelina Cultivars

The changes in the population density of H. schachtii in the camelina crop were assessed in a pot study. The common-garden experiment was conducted outdoors from 2021 to 2023, under natural conditions in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie region in Poland. Firstly, 5 L pots were buried in the ground and filled with soil naturally infested with H. schachtii at a density of 500 eggs and juveniles (J2) per 100 g of soil (initial population density—Pi). In spring (April) or autumn (September) each of the pots was planted with three germinated seeds of camelina or B. napus cultivar according to standard crop recommendations for spring and winter crops, respectively. The studies involved the following plant species: camelina cultivars (Luna, Przybrodzka, Borowska, Omega), spring oilseed rape cultivar Marcus, and winter oilseed rape cultivar Poznaniak. In the study, bare fallow served as the control group. At harvest (plants in the development phase), a soil sample of 100 mL, consisting of four subsamples of 25 mL was collected to assess the density of sugar beet nematode (final population density—Pf). The R factor (Pf/Pi) was calculated for each plant species and cultivar.

2.3. Data Analysis

Data from pot experiments and field observations was subjected to an ANOVA variance analysis, and the significance of differences between means was assessed by Fisher’s test at the level of p ≤ 0.05 [33].

3. Results

3.1. Identification of Cyst Nematode in Soil Cultivated with Camelina

H. schachtii was identified as the cyst nematode species parasitizing camelina roots based on morphological observations. H. schachtii cysts isolated from the soil surrounding the roots of C. sativa had species-specific features: a vulval cone with two apertures separated by the vulval bridge; a vulval slit as long as the vulval bridge; a strong underbridge; and a specific number of strong and brown bullae situated below the vulval bridge. J2-stage juveniles were characterized by a lateral field with four incisures, a head that was offset and hemispherical, a moderately heavy stylet with prominent, forward-directed knobs, and a conical tail with a rounded tip and a distinct hyaline terminal section comprising 50% of the tail length. The morphometric data for H. schachtii from camelina are outlined in Table 1.
The findings from examinations of the 28S (705 bp) and ITS rDNA (874 bp) gene sequences matched the morphological identification, thus corroborating their affiliation to H. schachtii species.
The results of the analysis of the obtained 28S (705 bp) and ITS rDNA (874 bp) gene sequences were consistent with the performed morphological determination and confirmed the affiliation of the analyzed nematodes to H. schachtii species. BLAST analysis of the obtained sequence of the 28S rDNA gene fragment and the ITS rDNA gene showed, respectively, 99% similarity to the 28S rDNA sequence and 99% overlap with the ITS rDNA sequences belonging to the H. schachtii species available in the NCBI database (for 28S: sequence numbers from the NCBI database KX017534, JQ040527, LC208672 and for the ITS sequences: MF754150, AY166438, LC208692). For the first time, the occurrence of H. schachtii on camelina roots in Poland was demonstrated.

3.2. Evaluation of the Heterodera schachtii Growth on Camelina Roots

3.2.1. Heterodera schachtii Growth on Camelina Roots

Sugar beet nematode showed significantly different development abilities of females and cysts on the roots of the studied camelina, sugar beet, and rapeseed cultivars (F = 39.543, DF = 11, p ˂ 0.0001) at the temperatures at which the observations were conducted (F = 110.031, DF = 2, p ˂ 0.0001). The largest number of females and cysts of the nematode were counted at 20 °C. At temperatures of 15 and 25 °C, significantly fewer females and cysts developed and no differences in the development abilities of the nematode were observed between these temperatures.
The females and cysts of the nematode developed most abundantly on the roots of rapeseed and sugar beet plants of the Kujavia cultivar at each of the temperatures and on the roots of the Centurion cultivar at 15 and 20 °C. At 20 °C, the camelina cultivars of the spring biotype and the Luna and Przybrodzka cultivars of the winter type were more suitable hosts for the cyst nematode than the winter cultivars Lenka and Maczuga. Relatively more cysts and female cyst nematodes developed on the roots of the Śmiłowska cultivar at 25 °C. Detailed results are presented in Table 2.
The study of the morphological parameters of the plants revealed differing measurement results. Temperature affected the height of the studied plants (F = 81.704, DF = 2, p ˂ 0.0001). On average, the tallest plants (LSD value: 2.151) were measured at 15 °C (40.90 cm), and the shortest were measured at 20 °C (36.84 cm) and 25 °C (27.32 cm). The winter cultivars were on average shorter than the spring cultivars (F = 299.181, DF = 9, p ˂ 0.0001). A statistically significant interaction between temperature and plant species/cultivar was demonstrated to affect plant height (F = 11,168, DH = 18, p < 00001) (Figure 1). No differences were observed between the plants infested with the cyst nematode and the control group.
A temperature-dependent effect on plant mass was observed. (F = 37.405; DF = 2, p ˂ 0.0001). The mass of plants growing at 15 °C (3.81 g) was significantly higher (LSD value: 0.443) than plants growing at temperatures of 20 °C (2.33 g) and 25 °C (1.99 g). The heaviest were the plants of spring rape Marcus and winter rape Poznaniak. Among the camelina cultivars, the lowest mass was characteristic of the Maczuga cultivar; the highest was characteristic of the Lenka cultivar. Also, the effect of temperature on plant mass was statistically confirmed for individual species (F = 6.04, DF = 18, p ˂ 0.0001) (Figure 2).
No differences were found between plants infested by the cyst nematode and control plants. The plants investigated differed in terms of the number of leaves, the average number of which decreased with increasing ambient temperature (F = 96.617, DF = 2, p ˂ 0.0001). Among the camelina cultivars, leaves developed most abundantly in the Lenka, Śmiłowska and Omega cultivars, and the least in the Przybrodzka cultivar. The number of leaves of both oilseed rape cultivars (controls) was the lowest and significantly different from that in each of the studied camelina cultivars (F = 73.260, DF = 9, p ˂ 0.0001). The number of leaves was higher on average in the control plants only at 20 °C. At 15 °C, the plants infested with the nematode developed more leaves than the control plants, and at 25 °C no differences were observed (F = 6.649, DF = 2, p = 0.002). The UP cultivar infected with the nematode had more leaves than the control plants, while the Przybrodzka cultivar had fewer leaves (F = 2.238, DF = 9, p = 0.016) (Figure 3).
The investigated plants differed in the number of developed siliques, which decreased with increasing ambient temperature (F = 15.771, DF = 18, p ˂ 0.0001). Siliques developed only in the spring biotype cultivars, and developed most abundantly in the Śmiłowska cultivar. Siliques were more abundant in the control plants of the UP cultivars at 15 °C and the UP and Borowska cultivars at 20 °C (Table 3).

3.2.2. Susceptibility of Camelina at Various Growth Stages to Heterodera schachtii

A comparison of the above results showed differences in plant root nematode infestation between the spring and winter camelina forms. On the roots of the Omega cultivar (spring form), an average of 1.14 females and cysts developed, whereas on the roots of the Luna cultivar (winter form), an average of 0.42. J2 of the cyst nematode infected the roots at the BBCH 10 development stage, i.e., the leaf formation stage. The roots of plants forming side shoots and elongating the main shoot and plants in the flowering stage were not infected by the cyst nematode (Table 4). No interrelationship between BBCH stage and cultivar was observed (F = 1.380, DF = 5, p = 0.245).

3.2.3. Assessment of Changes in the Heterodera schachtii Population Density in the Soil Cultivated with Selected Camelina Cultivars

Differences in H. schachtii population density were observed in the soil with camelina spring and winter crops (F = 44.852, DF = 1, p ˂ 0.0001). Both spring and winter camelina cultivation resulted in a decreased density of H. schachtii with no differences observed between spring and winter cultivars. The population of beet cyst nematodes was also found to be reduced in the soil with winter oilseed rape and in the fallow soil. The decrease in the population of beet cyst nematodes in the soil used for winter oilseed rape production reached about 25%, while in the fallow soil it was about 50%. The observed changes in nematode population numbers were alike, i.e., they did not differ from each other. After the harvest of spring oilseed rape, the population of beet cyst nematodes increased almost threefold in both the first and second growing season. The R factor value was 2.96 and 2.84 after the first and second year of cropping, respectively. No differences were observed between growing seasons (F = 0.503, DF = 1, p = 0.481). The results are outlined in Table 5.

4. Discussion

The first occurrence of H. schachtii in a Polish C. sativa crop is described in this paper. Nematodes were identified by features characteristic of the Heterodera genus, such as vulva cone and cyst structure, and the morphological traits of J2 individuals. The detected population from the soil of the C. sativa cultivation shows traits typical of H. schachtii, with the ranges of its morphometric measurements falling within the established variability for the species [27,34,35,36].
Despite the body of research on beet cyst nematodes [37,38,39] and the scope for using cruciferous plants in efforts towards reducing harmful nematodes [40], the experiments conducted in Poland have not yet taken into account the H. schachtii camelina crop system. The only available mention of phytophagous nematodes and plants of the Camelina genus is a report on the occurrence of Ditylenchus squalis Heyns, 1964 in the root zone of the segetal plant Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex. DC, during studies on the occurrence of nematodes on weed roots in cereal and root crops [41]. The development of the cyst nematode was confirmed by a laboratory test and an increase in its numbers in the soil was recorded [42]. This paper outlines the first report of the occurrence of beet cyst nematode in Poland in a camelina crop.
Despite the increase in the density of H. schachtii in the soil during the development cycle of this nematode [42], the average root infestation in all tested spring camelina cultivars at 20 °C was only 30% of the beet root infestation and 36% of spring oilseed rape root infestation, as those two species represent very suitable hosts for the cyst nematode. Although the existing research indicated [43] 17 °C was the optimum temperature for J2 growth, in our experiment, a temperature of 20 °C proved to be optimal. This is consistent with earlier observations by Bowen [44] and Kabir et al. [45]. At the same temperature, the observed number of infections in the roots of winter cultivars was lower than that of spring cultivars. Since the ambient temperature conditions were sufficient for the development of the nematode [24,46], the differences observed may be down to the plant itself and its properties, e.g., the content of fatty acids (C18:3n3), more of which were isolated from spring cultivars and genotypes [47]. This requires experimental confirmation.
The varied chemical composition of tissues can also potentially explain the nematode infection of roots in the vegetative phase before flowering. This may be attributable to the change in the chemical composition of tissues during the growth of plants. The differentiation of the content of chemical compounds between plants in the fully expanded cotyledon sand during the silique formation stages has been shown [48,49]. It was found that J2-infected roots in the vegetative phase can also be potentially linked to the change in the mechanical properties of maturing root systems and the availability of their tissues [48]. On the contrary, young plants in the cotyledon stage as well at the stage of one or two leaves were not hosts to Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze [10,50,51].
Laboratory experiments confirmed that camelina is host to the beet cyst nematode. However, the outdoor (open ground) camelina cultivation, in changing environmental conditions, did not increase the number of nematodes in the soil, regardless of the plant biotype investigated. In light of results obtained using the Niere scale [52], the camelina cultivars ought to be considered resistant to the beet cyst nematode compared to spring oilseed rape. These findings highlight the diversity of H. schachtii growth abilities on Brassicaceae plants, including some susceptible crops, e.g., Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa pekinensis) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), that are severely damaged by this nematode [53,54].

5. Conclusions

In the above studies, the occurrence of H. schachtii on camelina was demonstrated for the first time in Poland. Against this background, it can be stated that although H. schachtii develops on camelina roots, it does not contribute to an increase in the density of the nematode in the soil, as its density remains at a constant level. Those findings are applicable to both spring and winter camelina forms. This species does not pose a potential threat to camelina crops.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R.D., R.K. and Ł.F.; methodology, R.D. and Ł.F.; writing—original draft preparation, R.D., R.K. and Ł.F.; writing—review and editing, R.D., R.K. and Ł.F.; data analysis, R.D., R.K. and Ł.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research is a part of the statutory research performed by the Institute of Plant Protection—NRI, supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Magdalena Kubicz (Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS) for her technical assistance.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Agriculture 15 01908 g001
Figure 1. Effect of Heterodera schachtii on camelina height. Cs—Camelina sativa; Bn—Brassica napus; Means followed by the same letters are not statistically different. Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 1. Effect of Heterodera schachtii on camelina height. Cs—Camelina sativa; Bn—Brassica napus; Means followed by the same letters are not statistically different. Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
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Figure 2. Effect of Heterodera schachtii on fresh weight of Camelina sativa. Cs—Camelina sativa; Bn—Brassica napus; Means followed by the same letters are not statistically different, Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 2. Effect of Heterodera schachtii on fresh weight of Camelina sativa. Cs—Camelina sativa; Bn—Brassica napus; Means followed by the same letters are not statistically different, Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
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Figure 3. Effect of Heterodera schachtii on camelina leaf numbers. Cs—Camelina sativa; Bn—Brassica napus. Means followed by the same letters are not statistically different. Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05). * Important differences in number of leaves between plants with nematodes and control plants.
Figure 3. Effect of Heterodera schachtii on camelina leaf numbers. Cs—Camelina sativa; Bn—Brassica napus. Means followed by the same letters are not statistically different. Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05). * Important differences in number of leaves between plants with nematodes and control plants.
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Table 1. Morphometrics of cysts and J2 from Heterodera schachtii collected in a camelina-harvested field.
Table 1. Morphometrics of cysts and J2 from Heterodera schachtii collected in a camelina-harvested field.
CharacteristicMean ± SD
(Range of Variability)
Cysts (n = 25)
Length (µm)749 ± 106 (675–900)
Width (µm)467 ± 66 (375–500)
Vulval slit length (µm)44 ± 3 (40–50)
Fenestral width (µm)38 ± 10 (25–52)
Vulval bridge length (µm)103 ± 14 (85–120)
Distance between vulval slit and anus (µm)50 ± 6 (42–60)
J2 (n = 25)
Stylet length (µm)25 ± 0.7 (23–25)
Tail length (µm)46± 3 43–51)
Hyaline length (µm)25 ± 3 (20–32)
L427 ± 26 (375–499)
a22.9 ± 1.7 (20–27.6)
b′2.8 ± 0.2 (2.5–3.1)
c9.3 ± 0.5 (8.6–10.4)
c′3.8 ± 0.4 (3.2–4.4)
Measurements are provided in μm and as the mean ± standard deviation.
Table 2. Heterodera schachtii growth on roots of Camelina sativa, Brassica napus, and Beta vulgaris at 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C.
Table 2. Heterodera schachtii growth on roots of Camelina sativa, Brassica napus, and Beta vulgaris at 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C.
Plant/CultivarMean Number of Females and Cysts
of Heterodera schachtii Per Plant at Temperatures
15 °C20 °C25 °C
Spring cultivars: Camelina sativa
cv. UP1.25 ab7.25 efgh0.25 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
cv. Śmiłowska1.0 a7.0 efgh2.5 abc
Control0 a0 a0 a
cv. Borowska1.25 ab6.25 defg0.25 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
cv. Omega1.5 ab9.25 hi0.5 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
Brassica napus
cv. Marcus6.5 defgh20.5 k6.0 def
Control0 a0 a0 a
B. vulgaris cv. Centurion9.0 gh25.75 l1.75 abc
Control0 a0 a0 a
Beta vulgaris cv. Kujavia8.0 fgh21.25 k12.0 ij
Control0 a0 a0 a
Winter cultivars: Camelina sativa
cv. Lenka0.25 a1.5 ab0.25 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
cv. Maczuga0.5 a1.5 ab0.25 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
cv. Luna0.25 a4.5 cde0.75 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
cv. Przybrodzka0.25 a4.0 bcd0.25 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
Brassica napus
cv. Poznaniak7.25 efgh19.5 k13.25 j
Control0 a0 a0 a
Means followed by the same letters are not statistically different, according to Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
Table 3. Effect of Heterodera schachtii on camelina silique numbers at 15 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C.
Table 3. Effect of Heterodera schachtii on camelina silique numbers at 15 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C.
Plant/CultivarNumber of Siliques at Temperature
15 °C20 °C25 °C
Spring cultivars
Camelina sativa
cv. UP18.8 e10.8 bc1.0 a
Control18.7 e20.0 e1.8 a
cv. Śmiłowska18.3 e18.0 e0.5 a
Control32.5 f18.5 e0.3 a
cv. Borowska16.5 de8.5 b0.8 a
Control20.0 e19.8 e0.3 a
cv. Omega15.0 cde12.5 bcd2.3 a
Control15.5 cde15.0 cde2.5 a
Brassica napus
cv. Marcus0 a0 a0 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
Winter cultivars
Camelina sativa
cv. Lenka0 a0 a0 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
cv. Maczuga0 a0 a0 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
cv. Luna0 a0 a0 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
cv. Przybrodzka0 a0 a0 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
B. napus
cv. Poznaniak0 a0 a0 a
Control0 a0 a0 a
Infestation effect on slique numbers, irrespective of temperature conditions
Mean value for infected plants 3.9 a
Mean value for uninfected plants 5.5 b
Means followed by the same letters are not statistically different. Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
Table 4. Infectivity of camelina roots at different phenological growth stages by Heterodera schachtii.
Table 4. Infectivity of camelina roots at different phenological growth stages by Heterodera schachtii.
BBCH Code *Mean Number of Females and Cysts
of Heterodera schachtii Per Plant **
100.83 ab
121.58 b
150.83 ab
191.42 b
28–320.00 a
51–610.00 a
* after Martinelli and Galasso (2011). ** Mean number for cultivar Omega (spring) and cultivar Luna (winter). Means followed by the same letters are not statistically different. Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05).
Table 5. Crop effect of Camelina sativa and Brassica napus on population density of the sugar beet nematode in a soil.
Table 5. Crop effect of Camelina sativa and Brassica napus on population density of the sugar beet nematode in a soil.
CategoryMean
Sowing date effect (spring/winter crop) on nematode density in soil
Spring 633.9 b
Winter 281. 7 a
Crop effect on nematode density in a soil
Camelina sativa224.4 a
Brassica napus901.9 b
Bare fallow247.2 a
Effect of crop and its botanical form on nematode density in soil
Spring Camelina sativa 200.6 a
Spring Brassica napus1452.5 c
Bare fallow for spring sowing date248.8 ab
Winter Camelina sativa248.1 ab
Winter Brassica napus351.3 b
Bare fallow for winter sowing date245.6 ab
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05).
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Dobosz, R.; Krawczyk, R.; Flis, Ł. First Report of Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt, 1879) on Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz in Poland and Assessment of Its Host Suitability for This Nematode. Agriculture 2025, 15, 1908. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15181908

AMA Style

Dobosz R, Krawczyk R, Flis Ł. First Report of Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt, 1879) on Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz in Poland and Assessment of Its Host Suitability for This Nematode. Agriculture. 2025; 15(18):1908. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15181908

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dobosz, Renata, Roman Krawczyk, and Łukasz Flis. 2025. "First Report of Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt, 1879) on Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz in Poland and Assessment of Its Host Suitability for This Nematode" Agriculture 15, no. 18: 1908. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15181908

APA Style

Dobosz, R., Krawczyk, R., & Flis, Ł. (2025). First Report of Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt, 1879) on Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz in Poland and Assessment of Its Host Suitability for This Nematode. Agriculture, 15(18), 1908. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15181908

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