Comparative Metabolomics Analysis of Weedy Rice (Oryza spp.) across Peninsular Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Sample Materials
2.3. Metabolite Extraction
2.4. NMR Analysis
2.5. Multivariate Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparative Metabolomics Analysis of Weedy Rice and Cultivated Rice
3.2. Metabolomic Analysis of Malaysian Weedy Rice Associated with Grain Morphology
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metabolites | 1H NMR Signals of Chemical Shift (ppm) and Coupling Constant (Hz) | Weedy Rice | Cultivated Rice |
---|---|---|---|
Fatty acids | δ 0.88 (d, J = 7.0), δ 1.30 (m) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Butyric acid | δ 0.89 (d, J = 7.0); δ 1.58 (m) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Isoleucine | δ 0.95 (t, J = 7.5), δ 1.03 (d, J = 7.0), | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Leucine | δ 0.96 (d, J = 6.5), δ 0.98 (d, J = 6.5) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Valine | δ 1.01 (d, J = 7.0), δ 1.06 (d, J = 7.0) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
2,3-Butanediol | δ 1.12 (d, J = 7.0) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Threonine | δ 1.33 (d, J = 6.6) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Alanine | δ 1.47 (d, J = 6.6) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | δ 1.89 (m), δ 2.32 (d, J = 7.5), δ 2.98 (d, J = 7.5) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Choline | δ 3.23 (s) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
γ-oryzanol | δ 3.92 (s), δ 5.39 (d, J = 5.9) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Fructose | δ 4.13 (d, J = 8.2), δ 3.78–3.82 (m) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
β-glucose | δ 4.53 (d, J = 7.7) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
α-glucose | δ 5.15 (d, J = 3.7) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Sucrose | δ 5.4 (d, J = 3.8), δ 4.13 (d, J = 8.5) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Fumaric acid | δ 6.52 (s) | 🗸 | - |
Ferulic acid | δ 7.14 (d, J = 8.0), δ 7.27 (s), δ 3.90 (s) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
Phenylalanine | δ 7.38 (t, J = 6.2) | 🗸 | - |
Formic acid | δ 8.48 (s) | 🗸 | 🗸 |
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Mahmod, I.F.; Jeyasimman, S.; Mispan, M.S.; Supandi, F.; Khatib, A.; Saiman, M.Z. Comparative Metabolomics Analysis of Weedy Rice (Oryza spp.) across Peninsular Malaysia. Agriculture 2023, 13, 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061230
Mahmod IF, Jeyasimman S, Mispan MS, Supandi F, Khatib A, Saiman MZ. Comparative Metabolomics Analysis of Weedy Rice (Oryza spp.) across Peninsular Malaysia. Agriculture. 2023; 13(6):1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061230
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmod, Intan Filzah, Saharshini Jeyasimman, Muhamad Shakirin Mispan, Farahaniza Supandi, Alfi Khatib, and Mohd Zuwairi Saiman. 2023. "Comparative Metabolomics Analysis of Weedy Rice (Oryza spp.) across Peninsular Malaysia" Agriculture 13, no. 6: 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061230