Heterosis Studies for Root-Yield-Attributing Characters and Total Alkaloid Content over Different Environments in Withania somnifera L.
by
, , and
Iqbal Ahmed
1
,
Rajendra Babu Dubey
1,
Devendra Jain
2,*
,
Mohamed A. El-Sheikh
3 and
Prashant Kaushik
4
1
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur 313001, India
2
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur 313001, India
3
Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
4
Independent Researcher, 46022 Valencia, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2023, 13(5), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051025
Submission received: 14 February 2023
/
Revised: 14 April 2023
/
Accepted: 21 April 2023
/
Published: 8 May 2023
/
Corrected: 25 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Improvement through Conventional and Molecular Approaches)
Abstract
:Ashwagandha is an important, medicinal, less exploited crop and most of its cultivated varieties are local cultivars. Information related to ashwagandha’s genetic diversity is very limited. Hybrid vigor exploitation may be useful in breaking its yield barrier at a commercial scale. A total of 45 F1 crosses were produced during Kharif 2017-18 by using a line x tester matting design, which included three testers along with 15 lines. A total of 65 genotypes were grown in an RBD design, with three replications in three different environments during Kharif 2018-19, and observations were recorded for 11 different yield-attributing traits that were responsible for the estimation of the magnitude of the heterosis. An analysis of variance showed that a valuable amount of diversity existed in the breeding material. Based on the study, three promising crosses viz., UWS-305 × UWS-10, UWS-305 × RVA-100, and UWS-301 × RVA-100 were identified as superior heterotic materials for the root yield at harvest, whereas for the total alkaloid content, three excellent hybrids viz., UWS-309 × RVA-100, UWS-305 × RVA-100, and UWS-314 × RVA-100 were reported. Out of the above crosses, the cross-combination of UWS-305 × RVA-100 showed a significantly positive and useful heterosis on a pooled basis. Hence, the above crosses may be gainfully utilized in breeding programs for ashwagandha.
1. Introduction
According to the available literature, nearly 80 percent of the population in India still use some form of traditional herbal medicine [1]. Withania somnifera (L.), commonly known as ashwagandha, Indian Ginseng, or winter cherry, is the world’s most valuable bio-economic medicinal herb and is native to the Mediterranean region and Canary Islands [2,3]. Ashwagandha (2n = 48) is an autogamous and self-pollinated crop that belongs to the nightshade family Solanaceae [4,5]. Ashwagandha is used in traditional systems of medicine across different countries and is considered to be a “royal herb” due to its numerous rejuvenating effects on the human body [6,7].
The main economic part of the plant is its root, which is used in Ayurvedic as well as Unani medicinal formulations, especially for curing rheumatism, pulmonary diseases, hiccups, dropsy, various female disorders, stomach pain, lung inflammation, and skin problems; furthermore, its herbal formulations are used as an aphrodisiac, liver tonic, anti-inflammatory agent for bacterial infections, senile dementia astringent, and for venom detoxification and ulcer treatment [7,8,9]. The steroidal lactones, i.e., Withanoside V of Withania, have a significant potential for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 corona virus, and their formulations were used as a herbal medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic [10,11].
Ashwagandha provides more economically lucrative returns than other traditional crops and it is easy to cultivate under rainfed conditions. Therefore, large numbers of cultivars are being grown by farmers in India, but most of them are local cultivars and none of them have had their original potential taken advantage of, due to lack of systematic breeding strategies. In addition, limited information is available in relation to the genetic diversity of the crop [3]. Ashwagandha is a highly demanded crop at the international as well as national level, but due to the low productivity of ashwagandha wild germplasm, its demand is not fulfilled [12]. Hence, to remove such yield barriers, there is a need to exploit its yield potential by using a breeding strategy based on hybrid vigor exploitation [13]. The influences of genotype x environment interactions on the exploitation of hybrid vigor have also been reported by many workers for different crops, but in the case of medicinal crops, especially ashwagandha, very limited work has been conducted with regard to these aspects [14,15]. In order to estimate the degree of heterosis for the root yield, as well as its contributing features and total alkaloid contents over different habitats, hybridization attempts have been undertaken for ashwagandha.
2. Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in three separate environments/locations during the Kharif season of 2018–19 in the southern part of Rajasthan viz., Instructional Farm (24.5827°N, 73.7057°E), Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur (E1), Krishi Vigyan Kendra (24.8456°N, 74.5837°E) Chittorgarh (E2), and Agriculture Research Sub-Station (24.6632°N, 74.0358°E) Vallabhnagar (E3). In each location, three replications were also included. The experimental material comprised 15 lines (collected from the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on medicinal and aromatic plants (M and AP), Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur) viz., L1: UWS-30, L2: UWS-302, L3: UWS-303, L4: UWS-304, L5: UWS-305, L6: UWS-306, L7: UWS-307, L8: UWS-308, L9: UWS-309, L10: UWS-310, L11: UWS-311, L12: UWS-312, L13: UWS-313, L14: UWS-314, and L15: UWS-315; 3 testers viz., T1: UWS-10, T2: WS-90-146, and T3: RVA-100, (both T1 and T2 testers from AICRP M and AP, Udaipur and T3 from Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKKV), Jabalpur); and their 45 F1s, along with 2 checks (JA-134 and JA-20, both from JNKVV, Jabalpur). The 45 F1 experimental hybrids were produced through an attempt at hybridization, including 15 female lines along with 3 male testers in a line × tester mating design [16] during the Kharif season of 2017-18. Observations were recorded for 11 traits viz., the days until 75% maturity (DSM), plant height (PH), number of secondary branches/plants (NSB), number of berries/plants (NB), number of secondary and tertiary roots/plants (NSTR), root diameter in the collar region (RDCR), root yield at harvest (RYH), dry matter content of the root (DMC), test weight of the seed (TW), harvest index (HI), and total alkaloid content (TAC). The individual environment data, along with the pooled data of all three environments for the studied traits, were subjected to a statistical analysis [17,18,19] to estimate the different genetic parameters viz., the average heterosis (M/P), heterobeltiosis (B/P), economic (E/H), or standard heterosis (S/H).
3. Results and Discussion
As per the variance in the ANOVA on the pooled basis of the data shown in Table 1, the mean squares, owing to the different genotypes, including the parents and crosses, were significant for all the studied traits, which showed the existence of variation among the genotypes, including both the parents and crosses, at a significant level. Furthermore, the mean squares, because of the parents vs. the crosses, were also found to be significant for all the traits, except for the days until 75 percent maturity and the dry matter content of the root, whereas it was also found that the mean squares, because of the genotypes × environments, including the parents × environments, along with the crosses × environments, were significant for all the studied characters, indicating the appreciable influence of the environments on the genotypes. Similar results were also reported for the variance and its different components [20,21,22,23,24].
Crops must have heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, in order to develop hybrids. The degree of this heterosis determines a hybrid’s fate, and hybrids with a high amount of heterosis are always preferred [25]. The range of this heterosis against the mid-parental (an average heterosis), better-parental (heterobeltiosis), and superior checks (a useful heterosis) on a pooled basis for all the included traits are described as follows (Table 2). Earliness in relation to maturity is a useful trait used to obtain potential economic yield benefits in a short time. In the case of ashwagandha, the trait, i.e., the days until 75 percent maturity, has been reviewed as a criterion for early maturity; hence, hybrid vigor in a negative direction is desirable.
The estimate of the heterosis for the days until 75 percent maturity (Table 3) showed a significantly early maturing and an average heterosis was exhibited by five hybrids, out of which, the lowest magnitude was exhibited by a cross, i.e., L8 × T3 (−5.92%). None of the hybrids showed a significantly better parent heterosis, while four hybrids, viz., L12 × T1 (−4.75%), L9 × T1 (−4.34%), L6 × T1 (−4.06%) and L13 × T2 (−3.78%), were identified as significantly superior in terms of their economic heterosis against the superior check, i.e., JA−134. These results indicate that there was less time for early harvest. Similar results were also reported for ashwagandha [26].
For the plant height (Table 4), a significantly positive heterosis was exhibited by thirteen crosses over the mid-parental value, one cross over the better parent, i.e., L4 × T1 (13.12%), and four hybrids over the standard check (JA-134). These were L9 × T2 (15.91%), L9 × T3 (15.75%), L5 × T3 (12.87%), and L14 × T3 (7.93%). In the case of heterosis, with respect to the number of secondary branches per plant, 30 hybrids exhibited a significantly positive mid-parental heterosis, and the highest value was shown by a cross, i.e., L4 × T2 (31.80%). The estimate of the positive significant heterobeltiosis was expressed by 13 hybrids and the highest was revealed by a hybrid, L3 × T1 (20.15%), whereas a significantly positive economic heterosis against the best check (JA-20) was shown by six crosses, out of which, the highest value of 16.43 percent was depicted by L14 × T2 (supplementary datasheet Table S1). Regarding the number of berries per plant, a significantly positive heterosis against the mid-parental and better parental values was noticed in seven and two crosses, respectively, and the M/P heterosis ranged from −33.88 (L10 × T3) to 27.70 percent (L12 × T1). In total, four crosses showed economic heterosis at a significant level against the superior check, i.e., JA-134, and these were L14 × T3 (12.94%) followed by L5 × T3 (11.95%), L14 × T2 (8.44%), and L9 × T3 (7.84%) (supplementary datasheet Table S2). A similar result was also reported for ashwagandha for its plant height and number of primary and secondary branches per plant [27].
A positive and significant heterosis for the number of secondary and tertiary roots per plant was exhibited by two hybrids against the magnitude of the mid-parental level (Table 5); furthermore, none of the crosses showed this against the better parent, whereas two hybrids against best check (JA-20), viz., L12 × T3 (10.30%) and L5 × T3 (8.93%), showed a significant heterosis. A total of eight hybrids showed a positive and considerable heterosis, according to the estimates of the mid-parent heterosis. Out of the 45 experimental hybrids, 3 hybrids showed this over the better parent, with the highest magnitude of positive and significant heterobeltiosis being expressed by a hybrid, i.e., L14 × T2 (22.56%). In total, three crosses over the best check (JA-134), viz., L14 × T2 (15.30%) followed by L5 × T1 (13.68%) and L5 × T3 (7.52%), showed a significantly positive heterosis for the root diameter in the collar region (Table 6). The heterosis for the root diameter in the collar region was also reported earlier [27].
The desirable ashwagandha crop plant should have a superior root yield and heterosis in a positive direction. A perusal of the data for its root yield at harvest (Table 7) revealed that its range of heterosis varied from −39.92 (L8 × T3) to 37.40 percent (L5 × T1). The estimates of the significant and positive mid-parental heterosis were manifested by 13 hybrids and the highest magnitude was exhibited by a hybrid, i.e., L5 × T1 (37.40%). A significantly positive heterobeltiosis was exhibited by three hybrids and the maximum magnitude of 21.50% was exhibited by the hybrid L12 × T1, whereas three crosses showed a significant standard heterosis against the best check (JA-134), with a highest magnitude of 12.54% (L5 × T1). In terms of their traits, i.e., the dry matter content of the root (Table 8), 24 hybrids exhibited a positive and significant mid-parent heterosis in the desired direction, with the highest value of 34.60 percent being depicted by a cross, i.e., L5 × T2, and the range for this character varying from −24.82 (L12 × T3) to 34.60 percent (L5 × T2). A significantly positive heterobeltiosis was depicted by 10 hybrids, with a highest value of 17.76% (L2 × T1). The significantly highest and most positive economic heterosis was expressed by the cross L5 × T2 (14.59%). Such results were previously also reported [28].
A higher test weight of the seed is preferable, and five crosses exhibited a positive as well as significant mid-parental heterosis, with the highest value being 7.57 percent (L6 × T1), while none of the crosses showed a significantly desirable heterobeltiosis. Furthermore, the estimates of the significantly positive useful heterosis against the superior check (JA-20) were depicted by four hybrids (Table 9), with the highest magnitude being shown by two hybrids, viz., L5 × T2 along with L14 × T2 (7.02%). For the harvest index (supplementary datasheet Table S3), the significant and positive estimates of the relative heterosis were manifested by 22 hybrids, which ranged from −24.52 (L10 × T3) to 42.15 percent (L11 × T2), and the significant and positive estimate of the better parent heterosis was observed in 13 hybrids, whereas the estimate of the economic heterosis was exhibited by 3 hybrids, viz., L14 × T3 (19.87%), L8 × T1 (12.25%), and L9 × T2 (11.50%). Similar results were also reported [29,30].
For the total alkaloid content, (Table 10) a significant and positive average heterosis was depicted by 27 crosses; furthermore, the mid-parental heterosis ranged from −18.60 (L2 × T3) to 30.97 percent (L10 × T2), with the highest value being shown by a cross, i.e., L10 × T2 (30.97%). Significantly positive estimates of heterobeltiosis were observed in 16 hybrids, with the maximum value being shown by the hybrid L9 × T3 (21.94%). Heterosis against the best check (JA-134) for the alkaloid content was exhibited by five hybrids and the highest magnitude was depicted by the cross L9 × T3 (13.73%). Similar results were previously reported [31].
4. Conclusions
In the present study, for the root yield at harvest trait, three promising crosses, viz., L5 × T1 (12.54%), L5 × T3 (8.01%), and L1 × T3 (7.02%), and for the total alkaloid content trait, three excellent hybrids, viz., L9 × T3 (13.73%), L5 × T3 (12.44%), and L14 × T3 (10.10%), were identified based on their significant positive useful heterosis (over the superior check, i.e., JA-134 for both the concern traits) across the different environments. Out of the identified hybrids, a cross, i.e., L5 × T3, was also found to be excellent for the other following traits besides the root yield at harvest and the total alkaloid content, viz., RDCR, NSTR, and DMC. The following discovered hybrids also exhibited a significant positive economic heterosis for the other traits besides the total alkaloid content, viz., L14 × T3 for DMC and HI; and L9 × T3 for DMC. Furthermore, the hybrid L5 × T1 also showed a positive and significant useful heterosis for RDCR besides the root yield at harvest. Hence, the above identified hybrids may be useful for the exploitation of heterosis for the root yield and total alkaloid content in the ashwagandha improvement program.
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/5/1025/s1, Table S1: Extent of heterosis for number of secondary branches per plant; Table S2: Extent of heterosis for number of berries per plant; Table S3: Extent of heterosis for harvest index.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, R.B.D. and I.A.; methodology, I.A.; software, I.A. and M.A.E.-S.; validation, R.B.D., I.A. and D.J.; formal analysis, I.A., P.K. and D.J.; investigation, R.B.D.; resources, R.B.D.; data curation, R.B.D., M.A.E.-S., P.K. and I.A.; writing—original draft preparation, I.A.; writing—review and editing, I.A. and D.J.; supervision, R.B.D.; funding acquisition, M.A.E.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur, India and Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2023R182) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not Applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not Applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available upon request from the first author.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur, India for providing the resources for conducting the experiments. The authors would also like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2023R182) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Table 1.
Pooled analysis of variance for different traits in ashwagandha.
| Source | d.f. | Days to 75% Maturity | Plant Height | No. of Secondary Branches /plant | No. of Berries/ Plant | No. of Secondary & Tertiary Roots/ Plant | Root Diameter in Collar Region | Root Yield at Harvest | Dry Matter Content of Root | Test Weight of Seed | Harvest Index | Total Alkaloid Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environment | 2 | 6559.05 ** | 534.19 ** | 5.18 ** | 8504.04 ** | 1.38 ** | 23.96 ** | 119.48 ** | 63.01 ** | 0.06 ** | 17.89 ** | 0.01 ** |
| Rep./Env. | 6 | 56.46 | 10.37 | 0.25 * | 125.80 | 0.09 | 1.03 | 1.15 | 4.35 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 0.00 |
| Genotype | 64 | 407.12 ** | 199.44 ** | 29.42 ** | 9988.22 ** | 3.82 ** | 39.86 ** | 80.61 ** | 128.82 ** | 0.21 ** | 19.20 ** | 0.03 ** |
| Parent | 17 | 463.52 ** | 264.83 ** | 59.08 ** | 14,115.00 ** | 9.09 ** | 55.36 ** | 113.84 ** | 195.63 ** | 0.39 ** | 53.90 ** | 0.03 ** |
| Cross | 44 | 410.32 ** | 182.55 ** | 14.55 ** | 8122.40 ** | 1.42 ** | 34.05 ** | 67.27 ** | 109.79 ** | 0.16 ** | 6.85 ** | 0.03 ** |
| P v/s C | 1 | 16.65 | 120.98 ** | 183.86 ** | 2704.13 ** | 27.35 ** | 22.77 ** | 104.40 ** | 0.12 | 0.01 ** | 10.32 ** | 0.07 ** |
| G × E | 128 | 224.58 ** | 28.56 ** | 0.55 ** | 408.62 ** | 0.26 ** | 2.71 ** | 5.47 ** | 35.38 ** | 0.03 ** | 5.70 ** | 0.00 ** |
| P × E | 34 | 94.80 ** | 26.71 ** | 0.90 ** | 206.06 ** | 0.19 ** | 3.25 ** | 4.59 ** | 44.99 ** | 0.02 ** | 4.77 ** | 0.00 ** |
| C × E | 88 | 284.83 ** | 30.61 ** | 0.43 ** | 492.96 ** | 0.24 ** | 2.50 ** | 6.09 ** | 33.66 ** | 0.04 ** | 6.21 ** | 0.00 ** |
| Pooled Error | 384 | 53.15 | 7.18 | 0.11 | 107.52 | 0.06 | 0.72 | 1.06 | 3.62 | 0.01 | 1.48 | 0.00 |
Degrees of freedom *, ** significant at 5% and 1%, respectively.
Table 2.
Range of hybrid vigor among the crosses on the pooled basis for different characters in Ashwagandha.
Table 2.
Range of hybrid vigor among the crosses on the pooled basis for different characters in Ashwagandha.
| SN. | Traits | Range of Heterosis (%) Over | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mid Parent (in Both the Directions) | Better Parent (in Desirable Direction) | Superior Check * (in Desirable Direction) | ||
| 1 | Days to 75% maturity (DSM) | −5.92 to 8.37 | −0.69 to −2.92 | −0.02 to −4.75 |
| 2 | Plant height (PH) | −16.87 to 19.84 | 0.35 to 13.12 | 0.36 to 15.91 |
| 3 | Number of secondary branches/plant (NSB) | −18.49 to 31.80 | 0.15 to 20.15 | 1.98 to 16.43 |
| 4 | Number of berries/plant (NB) | −33.88 to 27.70 | 0.56 to 21.46 | 7.84 to 12.94 |
| 5 | Number of secondary and tertiary root/plant (NSTR) | −36.92 to 26.91 | - | 0.18 to 10.30 |
| 6 | Root diameter in collar region (RDCR) | −24.90 to 23.86 | 5.17 to 22.56 | 1.99 to 15.30 |
| 7 | Root yield at harvest (RYH) | −39.92 to 37.40 | 0.59 to 21.50 | 4.06 to 12.54 |
| 8 | Dry matter content of root (DMC) | −24.82 to 34.60 | 1.36 to 17.76 | 0.70 to 14.59 |
| 9 | Test weight of seed (TW) | −12.92 to 7.57 | 0.53 to 4.05 | 0.56 to 7.02 |
| 10 | Harvest index (HI) | −24.52 to 42.15 | 0.30 to 26.33 | 0.32 to 19.87 |
| 11 | Total alkaloid content (TAC) | −18.60 to 30.97 | 0.96 to 21.94 | 0.26 to 13.73 |
* Superior check, out of two (JA-20 and JA-134) for concern trait.
Table 3.
Extent of heterosis for days until 75 percent maturity.
| SN. | Crosses | Heterosis | Heterobeltiosis | Economic Heterosis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | ||
| 1. | L1 × T1 | −1.65 | 9.41 ** | 2.13 | 3.32 * | - | - | - | - | −3.90 | - | - | - |
| 2. | L2 × T1 | 2.26 | 1.13 | 7.36 * | 3.64 * | - | - | - | - | −0.66 | −1.66 | - | - |
| 3. | L3 × T1 | 17.44 ** | 0.09 | 8.19 ** | 8.35 ** | - | - | - | - | - | −4.70 | - | - |
| 4. | L4 × T1 | 2.42 | −0.02 | 5.12 | 2.52 | - | - | - | - | −2.11 | −4.84 | - | −1.88 |
| 5. | L5 × T1 | 9.98 ** | 4.51 | 4.29 | 6.25 ** | - | - | - | - | - | −1.57 | - | - |
| 6. | L6 × T1 | −3.86 | 6.52 * | −2.95 | −0.12 | - | - | −0.94 | - | −7.58 * | −0.08 | −4.67 | −4.06 * |
| 7. | L7 × T1 | 8.25 ** | 4.43 | 4.84 | 5.82 ** | - | - | - | - | - | −3.79 | - | - |
| 8. | L8 × T1 | 2.60 | 13.52 ** | 3.41 | 6.47 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 9. | L9 × T1 | −6.02 * | 1.42 | −8.14 ** | −4.36 ** | - | - | −1.08 | - | −5.72 | −2.57 | −4.80 | −4.34 * |
| 10. | L10 × T1 | −5.88 * | 0.97 | 3.58 | −0.34 | - | - | - | - | −7.97 * | −5.08 | - | −3.17 |
| 11. | L11 × T1 | −0.98 | 0.95 | 5.86 * | 2.03 | - | - | - | - | −4.54 | −2.18 | - | −0.69 |
| 12. | L12 × T1 | 3.21 | −8.31 ** | 1.43 | −1.23 | - | −4.11 | - | - | −0.99 | −13.11 ** | −0.03 | −4.75 * |
| 13. | L13 × T1 | −5.97 * | 5.51 | 0.83 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - | −6.04 | - | - | −0.25 |
| 14. | L14 × T1 | 7.34 ** | 4.58 | −4.35 | 2.39 | - | - | - | - | - | −0.14 | −2.95 | - |
| 15. | L15 × T1 | −4.22 | 6.05 | 6.58 * | 2.93 | - | - | - | - | −7.88 * | - | - | −0.82 |
| 16. | L1 × T2 | 1.66 | 12.48 ** | 6.92 * | 7.04 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 17. | L2 × T2 | 5.40 | 5.03 | 11.89 ** | 7.47 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 18. | L3 × T2 | 9.77 ** | −4.32 | 8.22 ** | 4.46 ** | - | −1.97 | - | - | - | −6.72 * | - | - |
| 19. | L4 × T2 | −0.15 | −6.78 * | 2.62 | −1.44 | - | −4.52 | - | −0.97 | −0.19 | −9.15 ** | −0.74 | −3.40 |
| 20. | L5 × T2 | 4.85 | 7.99 ** | 5.66 * | 6.14 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 21. | L6 × T2 | −4.47 | 7.78 * | −3.84 | −0.22 | −4.41 | - | −2.26 | - | −3.99 | - | −5.14 | −1.84 |
| 22. | L7 × T2 | 2.75 | 0.98 | −8.08 ** | −1.52 | - | - | −7.11 * | −1.22 | - | −4.67 | −9.85 ** | −3.65 |
| 23. | L8 × T2 | −2.08 | 4.19 | 3.64 | 1.95 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 24. | L9 × T2 | 2.44 | −2.40 | 5.63 * | 1.97 | - | - | - | - | - | −4.02 | - | - |
| 25. | L10 × T2 | 4.87 | 14.65 ** | 5.76 * | 8.37 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 26. | L11 × T2 | −9.53 ** | 3.23 | 6.96 * | 0.33 | −9.35 ** | - | - | - | −8.83 ** | - | - | −0.02 |
| 27. | L12 × T2 | −6.31 * | 12.51 ** | 0.17 | 2.14 | −6.06 | - | - | - | −6.02 | - | −0.87 | - |
| 28. | L13 × T2 | −9.80 ** | −2.55 | −4.46 | −5.60 ** | −6.45 * | −0.26 | - | −1.36 | −5.92 | −5.09 | −0.47 | −3.78 * |
| 29. | L14 × T2 | 10.66 ** | −2.13 | −1.46 | 2.39 | - | - | - | - | - | −4.32 | - | - |
| 30. | L15 × T2 | −6.22 * | 10.79 ** | −0.07 | 1.51 | −6.20 | - | - | - | −5.69 | - | −1.41 | - |
| 31. | L1 × T3 | −1.44 | 1.01 | 2.82 | 0.85 | - | - | - | - | −0.17 | - | - | - |
| 32. | L2 × T3 | −2.33 | 0.51 | 7.19 * | 1.86 | −0.62 | - | - | - | −1.62 | - | - | - |
| 33. | L3 × T3 | 7.61 * | −0.63 | 8.76 ** | 5.14 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 34. | L4 × T3 | 6.51 * | −5.15 | −1.07 | −0.02 | - | −4.30 | - | - | - | −4.53 | −3.15 | −0.79 |
| 35. | L5 × T3 | 1.54 | 11.79 ** | −3.77 | 3.11 | - | - | −1.44 | - | - | - | −2.06 | - |
| 36. | L6 × T3 | −0.10 | 1.83 | 4.77 | 2.21 | - | - | - | - | −0.38 | - | - | - |
| 37. | L7 × T3 | 3.25 | 10.14 ** | 4.76 | 6.05 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 38. | L8 × T3 | −2.08 | −2.76 | −12.56 ** | −5.92 ** | - | −2.06 | −8.05 * | −2.92 | - | −0.54 | −8.62 ** | −2.94 |
| 39. | L9 × T3 | −1.06 | 1.43 | 8.30 ** | 3.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 40. | L10 × T3 | −1.71 | 2.36 | −10.67 ** | −3.42 * | - | - | −8.98 ** | −2.73 | −0.36 | - | −9.55 ** | −2.75 |
| 41. | L11 × T3 | −1.47 | −0.58 | 4.54 | 0.87 | −0.49 | - | - | - | −1.49 | - | - | - |
| 42. | L12 × T3 | −3.65 | −0.31 | 1.66 | −0.71 | −3.14 | - | - | −0.69 | −4.11 | −0.08 | - | −0.74 |
| 43. | L13 × T3 | −8.15 ** | −4.55 | −0.29 | −4.23 ** | −3.96 | −3.63 | - | −1.20 | −4.92 | −4.00 | - | −1.22 |
| 44. | L14 × T3 | 10.07 ** | −1.45 | 2.91 | 3.82 * | - | −0.87 | - | - | - | −0.51 | - | - |
| 45. | L15 × T3 | 9.77 ** | −1.23 | 7.32 * | 5.22 ** | - | - | - | - | - | −1.14 | - | - |
*, ** Significant at 5% and 1%, respectively.
Table 4.
Extent of heterosis for plant height.
| SN. | Crosses | Heterosis | Heterobeltiosis | Economic Heterosis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | ||
| 1. | L1 × T1 | −0.34 | 10.11 | 7.44 | 5.80 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2. | L2 × T1 | 2.83 | 0.97 | −2.89 | 0.40 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 3. | L3 × T1 | 15.83 * | 1.10 | 10.95 | 9.53 * | 2.54 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 4. | L4 × T1 | 8.68 | 10.30 | 29.82 ** | 15.59 ** | 6.50 | 5.81 | 23.56 ** | 13.12 ** | - | - | - | - |
| 5. | L5 × T1 | 13.07 * | 25.87 ** | 21.64 ** | 19.84 ** | - | 11.25 | - | 0.35 | 5.10 | 0.90 | 6.41 | 5.31 |
| 6. | L6 × T1 | −19.32 ** | −15.27 * | −15.75 * | −16.87 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 7. | L7 × T1 | 30.01 ** | 14.51 * | −1.29 | 14.27 ** | 28.18 ** | 12.92 | - | 7.66 | - | - | - | - |
| 8. | L8 × T1 | −10.61 | 15.62 * | 4.07 | 2.29 | - | 3.30 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 9. | L9 × T1 | 9.01 | 26.28 ** | 8.62 | 14.87 ** | - | 2.36 | - | - | - | 14.73 ** | - | 3.61 |
| 10. | L10 × T1 | −8.28 | −21.50 ** | 17.11 * | −5.05 | - | - | 10.72 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 11. | L11 × T1 | −6.66 | −5.43 | 12.83 | −0.02 | - | - | 1.50 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12. | L12 × T1 | 16.25 ** | 9.42 | 2.67 | 9.90 ** | - | - | - | - | 2.83 | - | - | - |
| 13. | L13 × T1 | −12.16 | −5.21 | 0.13 | −5.95 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14. | L14 × T1 | 1.64 | 16.25 ** | 10.64 | 9.42 ** | - | - | - | - | - | 8.04 | - | - |
| 15. | L15 × T1 | −2.46 | −19.98 ** | −4.40 | −8.65 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 16. | L1 × T2 | 10.62 | −2.93 | −7.42 | 0.06 | 7.20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 17. | L2 × T2 | 6.46 | 1.06 | −19.26 ** | −3.45 | 6.06 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 18. | L3 × T2 | −0.80 | −11.72 * | 14.64 * | 0.41 | - | - | 13.41 | - | - | - | 0.74 | - |
| 19. | L4 × T2 | 11.67 | 16.64 ** | −11.44 | 6.40 | 1.88 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 20. | L5 × T2 | 8.64 | −12.89 * | 4.67 | 0.41 | - | - | - | - | 11.27 | - | 2.33 | - |
| 21. | L6 × T2 | 3.23 | −8.21 | 9.54 | 1.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22. | L7 × T2 | 19.34 ** | −1.02 | 9.28 | 9.17 ** | 8.27 | - | 7.00 | 1.69 | - | - | - | - |
| 23. | L8 × T2 | −14.55 ** | 8.72 | −2.59 | −3.24 | - | 4.85 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 24. | L9 × T2 | 16.88 ** | 19.09 ** | 6.91 | 14.55 ** | 8.79 | 10.16 * | - | 5.79 | 14.79 * | 23.47 ** | 4.79 | 15.91 ** |
| 25. | L10 × T2 | 7.21 | 0.38 | 7.36 | 4.82 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 26. | L11 × T2 | −0.07 | −1.28 | 7.20 | 1.85 | - | - | 5.14 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 27. | L12 × T2 | 5.25 | −14.46 ** | 15.95 ** | 1.62 | - | - | 14.70 * | - | 3.06 | - | 1.88 | - |
| 28. | L13 × T2 | 11.49 * | 12.84 * | 3.91 | 9.42 ** | 10.90 | - | 1.30 | 5.17 | 1.89 | - | - | - |
| 29. | L14 × T2 | −8.66 | −4.74 | −6.63 | −6.66 * | - | - | - | - | - | 0.74 | - | - |
| 30. | L15 × T2 | 1.66 | 11.25 * | −6.16 | 2.20 | 0.05 | 2.92 | - | 1.95 | - | - | - | - |
| 31. | L1 × T3 | −0.61 | −3.55 | 14.24 ** | 3.01 | - | - | 11.06 | - | - | 0.88 | 13.14 * | 4.61 |
| 32. | L2 × T3 | −3.39 | −7.81 | −12.59 * | −7.76 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 33. | L3 × T3 | 0.96 | −8.15 | 7.51 | −0.06 | - | - | - | - | 2.44 | - | 1.49 | - |
| 34. | L4 × T3 | 1.78 | 5.28 | 18.36 ** | 7.91 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 35. | L5 × T3 | 1.93 | 8.49 | 6.32 | 5.44 | - | - | 3.92 | 3.41 | 13.89 * | 9.84 | 10.87 | 12.87 ** |
| 36. | L6 × T3 | −13.37 * | −11.90 * | −5.63 | −10.58 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 37. | L7 × T3 | 21.20 ** | 4.67 | −3.89 | 7.38 * | 1.56 | - | - | - | 11.25 | - | - | 1.60 |
| 38. | L8 × T3 | −17.11 ** | −2.73 | 14.12 ** | −2.76 | - | - | 13.48 * | - | - | - | 15.60 * | 2.56 |
| 39. | L9 × T3 | 0.23 | 9.26 * | 8.14 | 5.85 * | - | 9.13 | 5.44 | 5.64 | 7.78 | 22.31 ** | 13.05 * | 15.75 ** |
| 40. | L10 × T3 | −9.61 | 9.41 | 1.50 | 0.52 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 41. | L11 × T3 | 4.78 | 8.18 | −14.56 * | −0.15 | - | - | - | - | 4.36 | - | - | - |
| 42. | L12 × T3 | −9.95 * | −3.92 | 18.91 ** | 0.64 | - | - | 10.17 | - | - | - | 12.23 * | 3.78 |
| 43. | L13 × T3 | 6.14 | 0.81 | 1.92 | 3.07 | - | - | - | - | 6.89 | - | - | 0.36 |
| 44. | L14 × T3 | −5.69 | −7.03 | 7.89 | −2.19 | - | - | 6.40 | - | 5.73 | 6.00 | 8.39 | 7.93 * |
| 45. | L15 × T3 | 1.64 | 11.41 * | 0.77 | 4.56 | - | - | 0.53 | - | 3.38 | 7.40 | 2.90 | 5.83 |
*, ** Significant at 5% and 1%, respectively.
Table 5.
Extent of heterosis for number of secondary and tertiary roots per plant.
| SN. | Crosses | Heterosis | Heterobeltiosis | Economic Heterosis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | ||
| 1. | L1 × T1 | −12.49 ** | −10.81 ** | −19.07 ** | −14.07 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2. | L2 × T1 | −16.14 ** | −3.69 | 5.33 | −5.15 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14.43 * | - |
| 3. | L3 × T1 | −12.13 ** | −13.54 ** | −23.35 ** | −16.28 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 4. | L4 × T1 | −22.95 ** | −24.38 ** | −31.56 ** | −26.23 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 5. | L5 × T1 | −30.64 ** | −20.57 ** | −17.64 ** | −23.25 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.04 | - |
| 6. | L6 × T1 | −29.54 ** | −21.00 ** | −33.96 ** | −28.32 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 7. | L7 × T1 | −37.39 ** | −31.27 ** | −40.17 ** | −36.40 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 8. | L8 × T1 | −19.88 ** | −16.57 ** | −27.38 ** | −21.37 ** | - | - | - | - | 12.59 * | 0.42 | 2.02 | 4.91 |
| 9. | L9 × T1 | −37.61 ** | −30.15 ** | −27.33 ** | −31.86 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.50 | - |
| 10. | L10 × T1 | −30.08 ** | −35.07 ** | −45.45 ** | −36.92 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 11. | L11 × T1 | −31.46 ** | −2.97 | −23.65 ** | −19.91 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12. | L12 × T1 | −2.07 | 6.89 | −6.05 | −0.50 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 13. | L13 × T1 | −38.24 ** | −28.75 ** | −38.49 ** | −35.38 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14. | L14 × T1 | −30.07 ** | −21.39 ** | −34.08 ** | −28.72 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 15. | L15 × T1 | 4.40 | 7.33 | −10.55 * | 0.27 | - | - | - | - | 17.03 ** | - | - | 3.20 |
| 16. | L1 × T2 | −23.68 ** | −18.62 ** | −9.56 * | −17.30 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.78 | - |
| 17. | L2 × T2 | −40.14 ** | −16.78 ** | −22.50 ** | −27.03 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 18. | L3 × T2 | −20.02 ** | −9.94 * | −21.43 ** | −17.39 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 19. | L4 × T2 | −33.81 ** | −17.32 ** | −25.98 ** | −26.11 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 20. | L5 × T2 | −22.55 ** | −17.23 ** | −22.16 ** | −20.77 ** | - | - | - | - | 7.97 | - | 0.74 | 0.18 |
| 21. | L6 × T2 | −20.76 ** | 5.18 | −21.35 ** | −12.87 ** | - | - | - | - | - | 0.93 | - | - |
| 22. | L7 × T2 | −26.18 ** | −15.82 ** | −27.11 ** | −23.24 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 23. | L8 × T2 | −37.62 ** | −25.64 ** | −40.52 ** | −34.82 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 24. | L9 × T2 | −31.33 ** | −31.02 ** | −34.67 ** | −32.32 ** | - | - | - | - | 6.79 | - | - | - |
| 25. | L10 × T2 | −45.71 ** | −17.11 ** | −27.30 ** | −29.96 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 26. | L11 × T2 | −26.43 ** | −25.62 ** | −28.41 ** | −26.84 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 27. | L12 × T2 | −24.70 ** | −12.47 * | −26.91 ** | −21.53 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 28. | L13 × T2 | −30.81 ** | −11.13 ** | −24.59 ** | −22.56 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 29. | L14 × T2 | −35.90 ** | −27.24 ** | −35.42 ** | −33.03 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 30. | L15 × T2 | −11.93 ** | 6.28 | −15.61 ** | −7.59 ** | - | - | - | - | 0.27 | - | - | - |
| 31. | L1 × T3 | 3.98 | −3.60 | 0.96 | 0.38 | - | - | - | - | 8.79 | - | 10.94 | 6.09 |
| 32. | L2 × T3 | −10.40 * | −10.61 * | −20.21 ** | −13.81 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 33. | L3 × T3 | −9.60 | 16.58 ** | 4.26 | 3.12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.00 | - |
| 34. | L4 × T3 | −24.66 ** | −8.35 | −2.25 | −12.06 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.77 | - |
| 35. | L5 × T3 | −11.13 ** | −1.12 | −12.43 ** | −8.46 ** | - | - | - | - | 15.40 ** | 3.70 | 8.09 | 8.93 ** |
| 36. | L6 × T3 | −11.02 * | 26.29 ** | −8.43 | 1.45 | - | 7.56 | - | - | - | 12.63 ** | - | 2.22 |
| 37. | L7 × T3 | 2.48 | 0.08 | −32.23 ** | −10.31 ** | 2.48 | - | - | - | 23.37 ** | 3.70 | - | 3.99 |
| 38. | L8 × T3 | −23.23 ** | −25.57 ** | −35.27 ** | −28.13 ** | - | - | - | - | 1.90 | - | - | - |
| 39. | L9 × T3 | −24.42 ** | −23.06 ** | −29.75 ** | −25.74 ** | - | - | - | - | 10.33 | - | - | 1.80 |
| 40. | L10 × T3 | −25.70 ** | −8.44 * | −24.95 ** | −19.68 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 41. | L11 × T3 | −22.48 ** | −6.27 | −26.99 ** | −18.95 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 42. | L12 × T3 | 23.10 ** | 38.22 ** | 20.10 ** | 26.91 ** | - | 3.78 | - | - | 14.40 * | 8.67 | 7.90 | 10.30 ** |
| 43. | L13 × T3 | −5.40 | −4.57 | −17.47 ** | −9.38 ** | - | - | - | - | 14.31 * | - | 4.41 | 5.21 |
| 44. | L14 × T3 | −17.18 ** | −19.17 ** | −37.56 ** | −24.93 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 45. | L15 × T3 | 8.38 | 15.33 ** | −2.46 | 6.77 * | - | - | - | - | 13.04 * | - | 2.11 | 4.29 |
*, ** Significant at 5% and 1%, respectively.
Table 6.
Extent of heterosis for root diameter in collar region.
| SN. | Crosses | Heterosis | Heterobeltiosis | Economic Heterosis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | ||
| 1. | L1 × T1 | −11.90 | −32.96 ** | −16.60 ** | −20.60 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2. | L2 × T1 | −9.70 | −14.12 * | −14.72 * | −12.80 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 3. | L3 × T1 | −29.25 ** | −20.63 ** | −2.31 | −18.87 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 4. | L4 × T1 | −8.43 | −21.29 ** | 6.17 | −8.58 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 5. | L5 × T1 | 19.06 ** | 22.39 ** | 24.51 ** | 21.81 ** | 7.70 | 8.53 | - | 5.17 | 15.90 ** | 21.13 ** | 4.71 | 13.68 ** |
| 6. | L6 × T1 | −8.09 | −18.46 * | 11.29 | −6.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 7. | L7 × T1 | −9.70 | −6.19 | 17.44 * | −0.82 | - | - | 7.00 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 8. | L8 × T1 | 8.15 | 17.28 ** | 39.69 ** | 20.19 ** | 0.82 | 6.31 | 22.33 ** | 9.01 ** | 1.55 | 12.89 * | 2.16 | 5.22 |
| 9. | L9 × T1 | 10.79 | 25.67 ** | 13.35 ** | 16.27 ** | 5.66 | 20.72 ** | - | 5.28 | 1.40 | 13.12 * | - | 1.99 |
| 10. | L10 × T1 | −5.31 | −10.09 | 9.12 | −2.58 | - | - | 7.63 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 11. | L11 × T1 | 0.14 | −6.07 | 25.68 ** | 5.42 | - | - | 17.45 * | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12. | L12 × T1 | 3.65 | 21.39 ** | 11.81 | 11.65 ** | - | - | 8.12 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 13. | L13 × T1 | −23.63 ** | 3.73 | 17.48 * | −3.18 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14. | L14 × T1 | −5.21 | 2.59 | 10.62 * | 2.13 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 15. | L15 × T1 | −18.96 ** | 7.30 | 17.26 ** | −0.34 | - | 3.17 | 5.80 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 16. | L1 × T2 | −5.28 | −23.84 ** | −21.23 ** | −17.08 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 17. | L2 × T2 | 25.34 ** | −1.88 | −13.71 ** | 1.81 | 2.54 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 18. | L3 × T2 | −11.25 | −30.46 ** | −24.51 ** | −22.00 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 19. | L4 × T2 | −3.53 | −27.17 ** | −4.15 | −12.30 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 20. | L5 × T2 | 4.27 | −10.18 * | −2.63 | −2.89 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 21. | L6 × T2 | 28.95 ** | −3.34 | 15.36 * | 13.33 ** | 9.94 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22. | L7 × T2 | 2.43 | −13.19 * | −8.93 | −6.61 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 23. | L8 × T2 | −9.91 | −4.96 | 11.80 * | −1.33 | - | - | 6.97 | - | - | 1.89 | - | - |
| 24. | L9 × T2 | 6.40 | 12.22 * | 13.26 ** | 10.67 ** | - | 4.69 | 8.06 | 7.95 * | - | 13.29 * | 8.76 | 4.57 |
| 25. | L10 × T2 | −10.99 | −28.60 ** | −28.49 ** | −23.09 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 26. | L11 × T2 | −11.06 | −14.88 * | −23.52 ** | −16.53 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 27. | L12 × T2 | −1.18 | 16.81 ** | 7.71 | 7.75 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 28. | L13 × T2 | 2.63 | 5.93 | −10.43 | −0.28 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 29. | L14 × T2 | 28.89 ** | 10.40 * | 32.30 ** | 23.86 ** | 17.99 ** | 3.89 | 31.89 ** | 22.56 ** | 11.99 * | 12.42 * | 21.33 ** | 15.30 ** |
| 30. | L15 × T2 | −14.10 * | −0.06 | −16.40 ** | −10.13 ** | - | - | - | - | - | 0.81 | - | - |
| 31. | L1 × T3 | 9.65 | −5.05 | −1.88 | 1.01 | - | - | - | - | 5.58 | 5.08 | - | - |
| 32. | L2 × T3 | 15.05 * | −6.43 | −13.94 ** | −2.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 33. | L3 × T3 | −24.53 ** | −26.75 ** | −20.04 ** | −23.87 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 34. | L4 × T3 | 0.95 | 3.43 | 4.24 | 2.86 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 35. | L5 × T3 | −7.37 | −1.14 | 3.06 | −1.97 | - | - | 2.57 | - | 1.13 | 14.22 * | 8.14 | 7.52 * |
| 36. | L6 × T3 | 1.14 | −3.33 | −1.28 | −1.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 37. | L7 × T3 | −31.18 ** | −15.00 ** | −21.29 ** | −22.82 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 38. | L8 × T3 | −28.08 ** | −15.87 ** | −30.89 ** | −24.90 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 39. | L9 × T3 | −19.99 ** | 12.55 ** | −8.23 * | −5.86 * | - | 0.41 | - | - | - | 19.97 ** | - | - |
| 40. | L10 × T3 | −16.03 * | −17.77 ** | 19.96 ** | −4.85 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 41. | L11 × T3 | 1.71 | −13.63 * | −8.02 | −6.57 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 42. | L12 × T3 | −24.58 ** | 1.10 | −10.45 * | −11.95 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 43. | L13 × T3 | −14.56 * | 5.79 | 7.93 | −0.94 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 44. | L14 × T3 | −6.31 | 2.03 | −5.69 | −3.44 | - | - | - | - | - | 9.64 | - | - |
| 45. | L15 × T3 | −26.15 ** | −6.81 | 11.12 * | −8.58 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.35 | - |
*, ** Significant at 5% and 1%, respectively.
Table 7.
Extent of heterosis for root yield at harvest.
| SN. | Crosses | Heterosis | Heterobeltiosis | Economic Heterosis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | ||
| 1. | L1 × T1 | 20.00 ** | −10.86 | −5.76 | 1.32 | 1.46 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2. | L2 × T1 | −22.59 ** | −10.95 | −7.46 | −13.98 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 3. | L3 × T1 | −1.88 | −23.83 ** | −28.93 ** | −18.14 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 4. | L4 × T1 | 19.97 * | 14.39 | −23.16 ** | 2.79 | 6.61 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 5. | L5 × T1 | 50.98 ** | 39.35 ** | 23.36 ** | 37.40 ** | 21.62 ** | 20.43 ** | 2.71 | 14.62 ** | 8.94 | 15.44 ** | 11.18 | 12.54 ** |
| 6. | L6 × T1 | −14.64 | 2.13 | −8.10 | −6.86 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 7. | L7 × T1 | −1.31 | −21.07 * | −24.52 ** | −15.45 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 8. | L8 × T1 | 18.84 ** | 27.79 ** | 29.08 ** | 25.38 ** | - | 3.26 | 14.10 * | 3.51 | - | 17.05 ** | 7.00 | 4.32 |
| 9. | L9 × T1 | 36.83 ** | −3.88 | 5.47 | 12.08 ** | 12.26 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 10. | L10 × T1 | −11.74 | 7.08 | −39.96 ** | −16.63 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 11. | L11 × T1 | 38.70 ** | 24.65 ** | 23.35 ** | 29.15 ** | 33.23 ** | 4.15 | - | 14.09 ** | - | - | - | - |
| 12. | L12 × T1 | 28.77 ** | 36.61 ** | 44.44 ** | 36.80 ** | 20.21 * | 20.33 * | 23.81 ** | 21.50 ** | - | - | - | - |
| 13. | L13 × T1 | 8.76 | 7.11 | −2.41 | 4.64 | 6.15 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14. | L14 × T1 | 3.02 | 13.56 * | 9.09 | 8.67 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 15. | L15 × T1 | 14.35 * | 24.37 ** | 4.81 | 14.64 ** | - | 7.10 | - | - | - | 3.54 | - | - |
| 16. | L1 × T2 | 20.66 ** | 8.36 | 8.74 | 13.13 ** | 9.34 | - | - | 0.59 | 6.60 | - | - | - |
| 17. | L2 × T2 | −6.45 | −6.33 | −9.61 | −7.33 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 18. | L3 × T2 | −38.08 ** | −27.08 ** | −30.79 ** | −32.30 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 19. | L4 × T2 | −17.30 * | −15.99 * | −31.65 ** | −21.54 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 20. | L5 × T2 | −4.96 | −1.39 | −11.90 * | −6.08 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 21. | L6 × T2 | 34.19 ** | 31.01 ** | 33.17 ** | 32.87 ** | 2.16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22. | L7 × T2 | 7.36 | −8.57 | 5.87 | 1.85 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 23. | L8 × T2 | 3.45 | −20.76 ** | 7.38 | −3.86 | 1.25 | - | 4.91 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 24. | L9 × T2 | 6.75 | 4.02 | 5.43 | 5.44 | 0.13 | 3.83 | - | 4.40 | - | - | 4.70 | - |
| 25. | L10 × T2 | −29.33 ** | −18.83 * | −23.53 ** | −24.20 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 26. | L11 × T2 | −24.16 ** | −9.78 | 19.54 * | −6.77 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 27. | L12 × T2 | 20.10 ** | 25.48 ** | 8.12 | 18.16 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 28. | L13 × T2 | 23.96 ** | 30.78 ** | 29.82 ** | 27.89 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 29. | L14 × T2 | −2.52 | 8.35 | 5.25 | 3.50 | - | 3.80 | 1.87 | 1.76 | - | 1.54 | - | - |
| 30. | L15 × T2 | −14.21 ** | −8.67 | 22.47 ** | −1.23 | - | - | 17.98 ** | - | - | - | 13.90 * | - |
| 31. | L1 × T3 | 11.03 * | 14.14 ** | 9.93 | 11.72 ** | - | - | - | - | 10.45 | 7.09 | 0.89 | 7.02 * |
| 32. | L2 × T3 | −1.05 | −18.54 ** | 8.71 | −3.67 | - | - | - | - | 2.61 | - | 3.22 | - |
| 33. | L3 × T3 | −13.87 ** | −17.08 ** | −21.50 ** | −17.33 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 34. | L4 × T3 | −17.28 ** | 11.51 | 15.49 ** | 2.81 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.20 | - |
| 35. | L5 × T3 | 11.18 * | 8.84 | −21.67 ** | −0.65 | - | 0.57 | - | - | 16.36 ** | 13.68 * | - | 8.01 * |
| 36. | L6 × T3 | −8.33 | −12.50 | −14.96 * | −11.75 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 37. | L7 × T3 | −29.98 ** | −31.25 ** | −35.93 ** | −32.26 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 38. | L8 × T3 | −32.87 ** | −41.42 ** | −46.02 ** | −39.92 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 39. | L9 × T3 | 6.10 | 6.72 | −20.23 ** | −2.76 | - | - | - | - | 8.83 | 7.95 | - | 4.06 |
| 40. | L10 × T3 | −12.14 * | −27.84 ** | −26.04 ** | −21.73 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 41. | L11 × T3 | −6.28 | −21.40 ** | 0.41 | −8.98 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 42. | L12 × T3 | 10.99 | 30.62 ** | −7.20 | 11.49 ** | - | - | - | - | - | 8.56 | - | - |
| 43. | L13 × T3 | −9.24 | 28.40 ** | −8.36 | 3.03 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
| 44. | L14 × T3 | −10.49 * | 0.01 | −11.09 * | −7.24 ** | - | - | - | - | - | 5.44 | - | - |
| 45. | L15 × T3 | −9.86 * | 17.30 ** | −16.33 ** | −3.24 | - | 8.81 | - | - | 1.75 | 22.99 ** | - | 6.34 |
*, ** Significant at 5% and 1%, respectively.
Table 8.
Extent of heterosis for dry matter content of root.
| SN. | Crosses | Heterosis | Heterobeltiosis | Economic Heterosis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | ||
| 1. | L1 × T1 | −16.60 * | 20.28 ** | 32.48 ** | 12.50 ** | - | - | 0.16 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2. | L2 × T1 | 31.62 ** | 30.71 ** | 10.80 | 24.17 ** | 18.22 * | 30.32 ** | - | 17.76 ** | - | - | - | - |
| 3. | L3 × T1 | 3.46 | 30.19 ** | 43.91 ** | 24.81 ** | - | 13.71 | 12.23 | 6.65 | - | - | - | - |
| 4. | L4 × T1 | 7.07 | 5.26 | 39.48 ** | 15.63 ** | - | - | 10.40 | - | 0.35 | - | - | - |
| 5. | L5 × T1 | 3.50 | −6.31 | 22.78 ** | 5.46 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 6. | L6 × T1 | 47.29 ** | 11.45 | 18.69 * | 25.80 ** | 40.35 ** | 1.47 | - | 15.13 ** | 6.44 | - | - | - |
| 7. | L7 × T1 | 15.39 ** | 25.75 ** | 7.65 | 16.00 ** | - | 4.07 | - | - | 6.07 | 2.34 | - | 2.02 |
| 8. | L8 × T1 | −0.21 | −20.54 * | −9.59 | −9.32 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 9. | L9 × T1 | 2.52 | 38.65 ** | 43.09 ** | 25.87 ** | - | 9.98 | 16.55 * | 1.36 | 1.50 | 20.83 ** | - | 5.42 |
| 10. | L10 × T1 | 13.46 * | 5.08 | 38.08 ** | 17.03 ** | - | - | 5.17 | - | 10.59 | 3.61 | - | 5.15 |
| 11. | L11 × T1 | −13.48 | 0.33 | −4.25 | −6.11 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12. | L12 × T1 | −4.56 | −11.40 | −13.74 * | −9.36 ** | - | - | - | - | 9.73 | - | - | - |
| 13. | L13 × T1 | −16.23 ** | 35.16 ** | −3.27 | 3.57 | - | 27.27 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14. | L14 × T1 | 28.16 ** | 13.58 | 38.73 ** | 26.92 ** | 14.22 * | - | 2.62 | 5.50 | 10.71 | - | 6.05 | 1.13 |
| 15. | L15 × T1 | −17.78 ** | −19.23 * | −3.62 | −13.70 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 16. | L1 × T2 | −4.07 | 6.80 | 10.60 | 5.05 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 17. | L2 × T2 | 5.26 | 10.39 | 27.60 ** | 15.24 ** | 2.79 | 1.11 | 12.10 | 13.83 ** | - | - | - | - |
| 18. | L3 × T2 | 22.52 ** | 13.24 * | 11.03 | 15.48 ** | 3.28 | 7.15 | - | 2.28 | - | - | - | - |
| 19. | L4 × T2 | 16.94 ** | 0.36 | 51.04 ** | 21.53 ** | - | - | 33.59 ** | 3.69 | 2.31 | - | 13.53 * | 1.39 |
| 20. | L5 × T2 | 44.19 ** | 17.81 ** | 45.15 ** | 34.60 ** | 16.83 ** | - | 25.73 ** | 13.23 ** | 19.33 ** | 10.39 | 12.17 * | 14.59 ** |
| 21. | L6 × T2 | −12.84 | 0.32 | −5.09 | −5.42 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22. | L7 × T2 | −14.64 * | −0.26 | −3.79 | −5.97 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 23. | L8 × T2 | −7.57 | 36.00 ** | −10.65 | 5.13 | - | 26.92 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 24. | L9 × T2 | 19.51 ** | 24.03 ** | 42.11 ** | 27.56 ** | - | 5.48 | 30.01 ** | 6.14 | 10.88 | 15.88 * | 2.39 | 10.39 ** |
| 25. | L10 × T2 | 16.42 ** | 13.04 * | 4.73 | 11.69 ** | - | - | - | - | 6.22 | 18.56 ** | - | 3.47 |
| 26. | L11 × T2 | 47.53 ** | 11.90 | 1.66 | 19.43 ** | 43.19 ** | - | 0.15 | 11.15 * | - | - | - | - |
| 27. | L12 × T2 | −30.40 ** | −11.05 | 2.48 | −13.97 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 28. | L13 × T2 | −24.23 ** | −24.55 ** | −7.92 | −17.97 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 29. | L14 × T2 | 22.60 ** | 28.59 ** | 25.83 ** | 25.73 ** | 1.38 | 22.09 ** | 2.69 | 8.17 * | - | 4.58 | 6.13 | 3.69 |
| 30. | L15 × T2 | 16.46 * | 23.37 ** | 10.66 | 16.82 ** | - | 19.42 * | - | 2.91 | - | - | - | - |
| 31. | L1 × T3 | 19.89 ** | −15.92 ** | 13.72 * | 4.34 | 13.81 | - | 10.08 | 2.95 | - | - | 6.51 | - |
| 32. | L2 × T3 | 3.77 | 12.03 | −28.64 ** | −5.24 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 33. | L3 × T3 | 1.42 | 0.03 | −2.71 | −0.45 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 34. | L4 × T3 | 19.39 ** | −11.82 * | −8.56 | −0.44 | 3.81 | - | - | - | 15.85 ** | - | - | - |
| 35. | L5 × T3 | 12.70 * | −7.88 | 30.55 ** | 10.59 ** | 1.85 | - | 29.58 ** | 6.02 | 4.03 | - | 17.35 ** | 7.29 * |
| 36. | L6 × T3 | 7.90 | 23.62 ** | 23.33 ** | 18.94 ** | - | 8.74 | 16.51 * | 8.46 * | - | 12.40 | 5.52 | 0.70 |
| 37. | L7 × T3 | 12.05 * | −6.04 | 5.62 | 3.66 | - | - | - | - | 6.71 | - | 15.82 ** | 6.39 |
| 38. | L8 × T3 | 12.57 * | 21.77 ** | 29.69 ** | 21.51 ** | 3.96 | 0.18 | 28.32 ** | 16.95 ** | 1.22 | 3.56 | 18.73 ** | 8.58 * |
| 39. | L9 × T3 | 9.13 | −3.24 | 46.58 ** | 15.50 ** | - | - | 37.02 ** | 9.30 ** | 11.67 * | 3.17 | 24.09 ** | 13.67 ** |
| 40. | L10 × T3 | −29.27 ** | −4.88 | −10.66 | −14.29 ** | - | - | - | - | - | 12.31 | - | - |
| 41. | L11 × T3 | 22.57 ** | 25.67 ** | −5.09 | 13.90 ** | 5.61 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 42. | L12 × T3 | −35.68 ** | −34.03 ** | −2.29 | −24.82 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 43. | L13 × T3 | −3.02 | −29.76 ** | 6.06 | −7.99 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14.34 * | - |
| 44. | L14 × T3 | 17.35 ** | 12.99 * | 20.67 ** | 17.02 ** | 8.59 | 3.31 | 13.21 * | 15.18 ** | 5.26 | 6.79 | 16.99 ** | 10.41 ** |
| 45. | L15 × T3 | 0.72 | −27.99 ** | 7.30 | −6.90 * | - | - | 4.11 | - | - | - | 0.26 | - |
*, ** Significant at 5% and 1%, respectively.
Table 9.
Extent of heterosis for test weight of seed.
| SN. | Crosses | Heterosis | Heterobeltiosis | Economic Heterosis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | ||
| 1. | L1 × T1 | −6.75 * | 7.46 * | −8.19 ** | −2.54 | - | 4.15 | - | - | - | 4.80 | - | - |
| 2. | L2 × T1 | −9.84 ** | 6.09 | −4.75 | −2.87 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 3. | L3 × T1 | −11.11 ** | −14.72 ** | −11.98 ** | −12.65 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 4. | L4 × T1 | −7.15 * | −1.55 | −4.30 | −4.34 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 5. | L5 × T1 | −9.01 ** | −17.93 ** | −11.69 ** | −12.92 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 6. | L6 × T1 | 10.45 ** | 4.64 | 7.56 * | 7.57 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 7. | L7 × T1 | 5.08 | 5.49 | 2.41 | 4.34 * | 0.16 | 2.00 | - | 0.53 | - | 2.63 | - | - |
| 8. | L8 × T1 | 4.93 | 14.31 ** | −3.48 | 5.19 ** | 4.76 | 8.77 * | - | 4.05 | 1.23 | 9.44 ** | - | 0.56 |
| 9. | L9 × T1 | −14.86 ** | −8.30 ** | −11.21 ** | −11.43 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 10. | L10 × T1 | 2.69 | −7.24 * | −9.80 ** | −4.77 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 11. | L11 × T1 | 2.36 | −7.07 * | −1.17 | −1.93 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12. | L12 × T1 | 3.96 | 2.22 | 4.43 | 3.51 | 3.80 | 1.83 | 2.74 | 3.16 | 0.61 | 3.25 | - | - |
| 13. | L13 × T1 | −3.50 | 1.85 | −4.12 | −1.86 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14. | L14 × T1 | −4.70 | −15.36 ** | −6.33 * | −8.85 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 15. | L15 × T1 | 2.28 | −7.67 * | −4.38 | −3.29 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 16. | L1 × T2 | −4.10 | −17.94 ** | −11.38 ** | −11.14 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 17. | L2 × T2 | −4.67 | −12.47 ** | −3.27 | −6.83 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 18. | L3 × T2 | −3.38 | −4.47 | −5.76 | −4.55 * | - | - | - | - | - | 0.93 | - | - |
| 19. | L4 × T2 | −9.45 ** | 0.00 | −8.37 ** | −5.92 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 20. | L5 × T2 | 5.04 | −2.54 | 1.37 | 1.23 | 2.60 | - | - | - | 8.74 * | 6.81 | 5.54 | 7.02 ** |
| 21. | L6 × T2 | −7.53 * | 2.12 | −12.64 ** | −6.04 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22. | L7 × T2 | 7.15 * | −14.57 ** | 0.16 | −2.68 | 0.00 | - | - | - | 1.07 | - | - | - |
| 23. | L8 × T2 | −5.67 | 3.39 | −13.10 ** | −5.17 ** | - | - | - | - | - | 3.87 | - | - |
| 24. | L9 × T2 | −11.26 ** | −5.64 * | −7.36 ** | −8.04 ** | - | - | - | - | - | 4.80 | - | - |
| 25. | L10 × T2 | 3.35 | −8.72 ** | 3.36 | −0.66 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 26. | L11 × T2 | 4.44 | 9.18 ** | 1.04 | 4.90 ** | - | - | - | - | 0.92 | 6.81 | - | 0.71 |
| 27. | L12 × T2 | −2.25 | −16.40 ** | −7.44 * | −8.85 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 28. | L13 × T2 | 0.90 | 1.38 | 1.06 | 1.12 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.48 | - | - |
| 29. | L14 × T2 | 6.30 * | −0.56 | −2.86 | 0.89 | 3.91 | - | - | - | 9.97 ** | 9.44 ** | 1.80 | 7.02 ** |
| 30. | L15 × T2 | −0.08 | −1.96 | −4.89 | −2.31 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.62 | - | - |
| 31. | L1 × T3 | 0.82 | −0.22 | 0.53 | 0.38 | - | - | - | - | 4.29 | 3.10 | - | 1.93 |
| 32. | L2 × T3 | 2.52 | −3.67 | 4.51 | 1.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 33. | L3 × T3 | −6.04 | −16.75 ** | −2.84 | −8.78 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 34. | L4 × T3 | −2.33 | 9.40 ** | 7.55 * | 4.87 ** | - | - | 3.79 | - | - | 9.91 ** | 2.40 | 2.95 |
| 35. | L5 × T3 | 1.38 | −1.96 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 1.30 | - | - | - | 7.36 * | 8.51 * | 3.44 | 6.41 ** |
| 36. | L6 × T3 | 0.25 | −11.30 ** | 0.25 | −3.61 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 37. | L7 × T3 | 4.68 | −14.11 ** | −1.29 | −3.78 * | - | - | - | - | 1.23 | - | - | - |
| 38. | L8 × T3 | −13.35 ** | −9.91 ** | −15.43 ** | −12.89 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 39. | L9 × T3 | −1.36 | −8.90 ** | 3.36 | −2.42 | - | - | - | - | 5.83 | 2.17 | 5.84 | 4.63 * |
| 40. | L10 × T3 | −9.57 ** | 2.04 | −11.16 ** | −6.22 ** | - | - | - | - | - | 0.77 | - | - |
| 41. | L11 × T3 | 0.70 | 8.61 ** | 0.89 | 3.42 | - | - | - | - | - | 7.43 * | - | - |
| 42. | L12 × T3 | 4.54 | −12.03 ** | −1.35 | −3.11 | 0.14 | - | - | - | 5.98 | - | - | - |
| 43. | L13 × T3 | −1.90 | −14.70 ** | −6.22 | −7.74 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 44. | L14 × T3 | −6.23 * | −11.98 ** | −9.70 ** | −9.34 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 45. | L15 × T3 | −5.12 | −14.18 ** | 0.48 | −6.44 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
*, ** Significant at 5% and 1%, respectively.
Table 10.
Extent of heterosis for total alkaloid content.
| SN. | Crosses | Heterosis | Heterobeltiosis | Economic Heterosis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | E1 | E2 | E3 | Pool | ||
| 1. | L1 × T1 | −9.89 ** | −11.60 ** | 6.98 ** | −5.05 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2. | L2 × T1 | −8.81 ** | −14.43 ** | −19.21 ** | −14.24 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 3. | L3 × T1 | 15.18 ** | −0.96 | −2.62 | 3.73 ** | 10.00 ** | - | - | 1.66 * | - | - | - | - |
| 4. | L4 × T1 | 4.30 ** | 1.94 | −9.09 ** | −0.86 | 2.11 | 0.96 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 5. | L5 × T1 | −3.54 ** | −1.31 | 9.68 ** | 1.49 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 6. | L6 × T1 | 7.85 ** | −0.52 | −7.54 ** | −0.17 | 3.00 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 7. | L7 × T1 | 27.91 ** | 8.91 ** | 32.24 ** | 22.44 ** | 20.88 ** | 7.84 ** | 26.04 ** | 17.99 ** | - | - | - | - |
| 8. | L8 × T1 | 14.43 ** | −1.03 | 9.39 ** | 7.56 ** | 7.77 ** | - | 3.13 * | 5.88 ** | - | - | - | - |
| 9. | L9 × T1 | 25.47 ** | 5.99 ** | 6.36 ** | 12.48 ** | 9.92 ** | 0.00 | - | 1.39 * | - | - | - | - |
| 10. | L10 × T1 | 28.99 ** | −0.56 | 22.89 ** | 16.73 ** | 19.78 ** | - | 6.25 ** | 3.81 ** | - | - | - | - |
| 11. | L11 × T1 | −6.21 ** | −16.67 ** | 2.92 | −6.82 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12. | L12 × T1 | 9.71 ** | 20.23 ** | −4.14 ** | 8.70 ** | 5.49 ** | 1.96 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 13. | L13 × T1 | 3.55 ** | −6.19 ** | −14.29 ** | −5.62 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14. | L14 × T1 | −1.77 | 6.31 ** | −1.83 | 0.90 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 15. | L15 × T1 | −1.00 | −2.37 * | −13.76 ** | −5.88 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 16. | L1 × T2 | −13.73 ** | 13.45 ** | −15.38 ** | −5.92 ** | - | 5.43 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 17. | L2 × T2 | −11.63 ** | 7.85 ** | −18.31 ** | −7.92 ** | - | 4.04 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 18. | L3 × T2 | −23.00 ** | −5.05 ** | −14.43 ** | −14.38 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 19. | L4 × T2 | 8.65 ** | −3.06 * | 7.61 ** | 4.49 ** | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 0.96 | - | - | - | - |
| 20. | L5 × T2 | 3.23 ** | 21.46 ** | 11.01 ** | 11.53 ** | - | 4.72 ** | 4.13 ** | 1.04 | - | 1.53 | 3.28 ** | 0.26 |
| 21. | L6 × T2 | −24.88 ** | −2.73 * | −11.96 ** | −13.72 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22. | L7 × T2 | −15.46 ** | 3.13 * | 10.88 ** | −0.52 | - | - | 0.94 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 23. | L8 × T2 | 1.85 | 11.96 ** | 0.52 | 4.57** | - | 11.96 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 24. | L9 × T2 | 13.68 ** | 35.27 ** | 10.43 ** | 19.23 ** | 9.92 ** | 21.74 ** | 2.42 * | 11.11 ** | - | 6.87 ** | 4.10 ** | 3.63 ** |
| 25. | L10 × T2 | 32.98 ** | 40.83 ** | 19.32 ** | 30.97 ** | 12.39 ** | 29.35 ** | - | 12.86 ** | - | - | - | - |
| 26. | L11 × T2 | 3.52 ** | 27.06 ** | 6.08 ** | 11.64 ** | - | 17.39 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 27. | L12 × T2 | −8.63 ** | 7.98 ** | −12.85 ** | −5.01 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 28. | L13 × T2 | 1.37 | 19.57 ** | −0.97 | 6.08 ** | - | 19.57 ** | - | 3.86 ** | - | - | - | - |
| 29. | L14 × T2 | −7.26 ** | 19.81 ** | 2.63 * | 4.36 ** | - | 5.83 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 30. | L15 × T2 | 4.50 ** | 17.41 ** | 10.53 ** | 10.60 ** | 2.65 * | 8.26 ** | 3.28 ** | 5.88 ** | - | - | 3.28 ** | - |
| 31. | L1 × T3 | 6.48 ** | 31.18 ** | 8.33 ** | 14.81 ** | - | 14.02 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 32. | L2 × T3 | −21.59 ** | −19.42 ** | −14.80 ** | −18.60 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 33. | L3 × T3 | −21.78 ** | −4.23 ** | −11.85 ** | −12.79 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 34. | L4 × T3 | −14.55 ** | 0.47 | 12.08 ** | −0.94 | - | - | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 35. | L5 × T3 | 14.62 ** | 25.64 ** | 16.46 ** | 18.74 ** | 10.37 ** | 15.75 ** | 14.05 ** | 13.32 ** | 7.97 ** | 12.21 ** | 13.11 ** | 12.44 ** |
| 36. | L6 × T3 | 3.11 ** | 4.04 ** | 4.11 ** | 3.74 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 37. | L7 × T3 | 33.01 ** | 28.50 ** | 21.18 ** | 27.60 ** | 9.60 ** | 24.30 ** | 6.03 ** | 12.93 ** | - | 1.53 | 0.82 | 1.81 ** |
| 38. | L8 × T3 | −2.63 ** | 31.66 ** | 32.34 ** | 19.43 ** | - | 22.43 ** | 14.66 ** | 7.76 ** | - | 0.00 | 9.02 ** | - |
| 39. | L9 × T3 | 25.20 ** | 31.53 ** | 15.83 ** | 24.01 ** | 23.20 ** | 26.96 ** | 12.10 ** | 21.94 ** | 11.59 ** | 11.45 ** | 13.93 ** | 13.73 ** |
| 40. | L10 × T3 | 16.26 ** | 9.78 ** | 8.60 ** | 11.69 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 41. | L11 × T3 | −22.27 ** | 5.95 ** | −4.71 ** | −7.67 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 42. | L12 × T3 | 2.39 * | 10.11 ** | 1.59 | 4.51 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 43. | L13 × T3 | 14.29 ** | 23.62 ** | 19.44 ** | 18.89 ** | 5.60 ** | 14.95 ** | 11.21 ** | 10.34 ** | - | - | 5.74 ** | - |
| 44. | L14 × T3 | 16.92 ** | 16.30 ** | 18.49 ** | 17.24 ** | 12.59 ** | 10.00 ** | 15.57 ** | 12.73 ** | 10.14 ** | 0.76 | 15.57 ** | 10.10 ** |
| 45. | L15 × T3 | 17.95 ** | 23.15 ** | −4.20 ** | 11.92 ** | 10.40 ** | 22.02 ** | - | 10.63 ** | 0.00 | 1.53 | - | - |
*, ** Significant at 5% and 1%, respectively.
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Ahmed, I.; Dubey, R.B.; Jain, D.; El-Sheikh, M.A.; Kaushik, P. Heterosis Studies for Root-Yield-Attributing Characters and Total Alkaloid Content over Different Environments in Withania somnifera L. Agriculture 2023, 13, 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051025
AMA Style
Ahmed I, Dubey RB, Jain D, El-Sheikh MA, Kaushik P. Heterosis Studies for Root-Yield-Attributing Characters and Total Alkaloid Content over Different Environments in Withania somnifera L. Agriculture. 2023; 13(5):1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051025
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Iqbal, Rajendra Babu Dubey, Devendra Jain, Mohamed A. El-Sheikh, and Prashant Kaushik. 2023. "Heterosis Studies for Root-Yield-Attributing Characters and Total Alkaloid Content over Different Environments in Withania somnifera L." Agriculture 13, no. 5: 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051025
APA StyleAhmed, I., Dubey, R. B., Jain, D., El-Sheikh, M. A., & Kaushik, P. (2023). Heterosis Studies for Root-Yield-Attributing Characters and Total Alkaloid Content over Different Environments in Withania somnifera L. Agriculture, 13(5), 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051025
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