Changes in the Properties of Hazelnut Shells Due to Conduction Drying
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Len. (mm) | Wid. (mm) | Thick. (mm) | Den. (g/cm3) | Vol. (cm3) | FM (g) | KM (g) | SM (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Istarski duguljasti | 25.93 ± 1.24 b | 19.93 ± 0.88 a | 16.36 ± 1.28 a | 1.05 ± 0.09 a | 0.96 ± 0.08 b | 3.85 ± 0.44 a | 1.78 ± 0.21 a | 2.07 ± 0.31 a |
Rimski okrugli | 21.41 ± 1.8 a | 22.79 ± 1.2 b | 15.92 ± 1.05 a | 1.3 ± 0.21 b | 0.8 ± 0.16 a | 3.85 ± 0.45 a | 1.75 ± 0.27 a | 2.1 ± 0.33 a |
Statistical significance | * | * | n.s. | * | * | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Sample | Moisture (%) | DM (%) | Ash (%) | Coke (%) | FC (%) | VM (%) | N (%) | C (%) | S (%) | O (%) | H (%) | HHV (MJ kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Istarski duguljasti | 17.14 ± 0.09 a | 82.86 ± 0.09 a | 0.99 ± 0.14 a | 22.58 ± 0.86 a | 17.73 ± 0.82 a | 64.14 ± 0.69 a | 0.31 ± 0.08 a | 57.6 ± 2.68 a | 0.1 ± 0.01 a | 34.7 ± 3.25 a | 7.29 ± 0.51 b | 20.72 ± 0.21 a |
Rimski okrugli | 17.41 ± 1.19 a | 82.59 ± 1.19 a | 1.12 ± 0.13 a | 23.22 ± 0.4 a | 18.06 ± 0.38 a | 63.41 ± 0.88 a | 0.25 ± 0.09 a | 57.95 ± 3.15 a | 0.21 ± 0.14 a | 34.94 ± 3.07 a | 6.65 ± 0.16 a | 21.12 ± 0.76 a |
Statistical significance | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | ** | n.s. |
Sample | Temp. (°C) | Time (min) | Len. (mm) | Wid. (mm) | Thick. (mm) | Den. (g/cm3) | Vol. (cm3) | FM (g) | KM (g) | SM (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Istarski duguljasti | 100 | 15 | 25.31 ± 1.16 bcde | 19.79 ± 0.46 abcde | 15.56 ± 1.21 a | 2.09 ± 0.12 abcdefg | 0.48 ± 0.03 a | 4.23 ± 0.06 a | 1.91 ± 0.1 a | 2.32 ± 0.11 ab |
30 | 26.97 ± 0.68 e | 19.1 ± 1.6 abcde | 14.34 ± 1 a | 2.7 ± 0.21 efghijk | 0.37 ± 0.03 a | 3.95 ± 0.5 a | 1.87 ± 0.31 a | 2.07 ± 0.21 ab | ||
45 | 24.62 ± 0.33 abcde | 18.99 ± 0.21 abcde | 14.17 ± 1.48 a | 3.12 ± 0.24 jk | 0.32 ± 0.03 a | 4.18 ± 0.74 a | 1.99 ± 0.24 a | 2.19 ± 0.51 ab | ||
60 | 24.81 ± 1.18 abcde | 19.22 ± 0.83 abcde | 15.25 ± 1.31 a | 1.65 ± 0.54 a | 1.65 ± 0.54 b | 3.44 ± 0.29 a | 1.59 ± 0.15 a | 1.85 ± 0.15 ab | ||
120 | 15 | 25.26 ± 1.3 bcde | 18.83 ± 1.11 abcde | 14.45 ± 0.9 a | 2.02 ± 0.11 abcdef | 0.5 ± 0.03 a | 4.43 ± 0.22 a | 1.83 ± 0.21 a | 2.6 ± 0.01 b | |
30 | 24.35 ± 1.45 abcde | 18.08 ± 1.18 ab | 13.24 ± 0.33 a | 1.78 ± 0.14 ab | 0.57 ± 0.04 a | 3.92 ± 0.22 a | 1.85 ± 0.1 a | 2.07 ± 0.21 ab | ||
45 | 26.23 ± 2.86 cde | 19.04 ± 1.33 abcde | 15.48 ± 1.61 a | 1.82 ± 0.32 abc | 0.56 ± 0.11 a | 4.37 ± 0.34 a | 1.91 ± 0.17 a | 2.46 ± 0.19 ab | ||
60 | 26.01 ± 1.09 bcde | 19.14 ± 0.78 abcde | 15.95 ± 0.81 a | 3.31 ± 0.23 k | 0.3 ± 0.02 a | 3 ± 0.21 a | 1.43 ± 0.24 a | 1.57 ± 0.03 a | ||
140 | 15 | 25.62 ± 1.62 bcde | 18.82 ± 0.52 abcde | 15.66 ± 0.88 a | 2.31 ± 0.23 abcdefghi | 0.44 ± 0.04 a | 4.02 ± 0.21 a | 1.9 ± 0.06 a | 2.12 ± 0.16 ab | |
30 | 24.81 ± 0.43 abcde | 17.87 ± 0.52 a | 14.46 ± 1.39 a | 2 ± 0.34 abcde | 0.51 ± 0.1 a | 3.79 ± 0.22 a | 1.79 ± 0.11 a | 2 ± 0.13 ab | ||
45 | 26.7 ± 1.05 de | 18.57 ± 0.44 abcd | 14.89 ± 0.07 a | 2.54 ± 0.22 cdefghij | 0.4 ± 0.04 a | 3.57 ± 0.56 a | 1.51 ± 0.37 a | 2.06 ± 0.27 ab | ||
60 | 25.64 ± 1.72 bcde | 18.76 ± 0.49 abcde | 15.38 ± 0.74 a | 2.4 ± 0.17 bcdefghij | 0.42 ± 0.03 a | 4.06 ± 0.74 a | 1.88 ± 0.32 a | 2.19 ± 0.42 ab | ||
160 | 15 | 25.11 ± 0.7 bcde | 18.18 ± 0.68 abc | 13.9 ± 0.61 a | 2.17 ± 0.09 abcdefg | 0.46 ± 0.02 a | 3.74 ± 0.36 a | 1.69 ± 0.14 a | 2.06 ± 0.29 ab | |
30 | 25.78 ± 1.46 bcde | 18.49 ± 1.05 abcd | 13.88 ± 1.07 a | 2.58 ± 0.24 defghijk | 0.39 ± 0.04 a | 3.57 ± 0.09 a | 1.62 ± 0.06 a | 1.95 ± 0.03 ab | ||
45 | 24.28 ± 0.87 abcde | 18.43 ± 0.54 abcd | 15.63 ± 0.72 a | 2.27 ± 0.14 abcdefghi | 0.44 ± 0.03 a | 3.65 ± 0.28 a | 1.83 ± 0.13 a | 1.82 ± 0.19 ab | ||
60 | 23.35 ± 0.52 abcde | 18.17 ± 0.66 abc | 15.45 ± 0.23 a | 2.75 ± 0.2 ghijk | 0.36 ± 0.03 a | 4.01 ± 0.27 a | 1.76 ± 0.25 a | 2.25 ± 0.17 ab | ||
Rimski okrugli | 100 | 15 | 21.83 ± 2.22 abcde | 21.89 ± 1.87 bcde | 16.01 ± 3.48 a | 2.24 ± 0.05 abcdefgh | 0.45 ± 0.01 a | 3.89 ± 0.45 a | 1.76 ± 0.05 a | 2.13 ± 0.46 ab |
30 | 22.04 ± 3.37 abcde | 20.88 ± 0.98 abcde | 16.03 ± 3.08 a | 1.78 ± 0.25 ab | 0.57 ± 0.07 a | 3.56 ± 0.14 a | 1.68 ± 0.06 a | 1.88 ± 0.19 ab | ||
45 | 19.58 ± 0.71 a | 22.38 ± 1.02 de | 14.07 ± 1.04 a | 1.89 ± 0.16 abcd | 0.53 ± 0.05 a | 3.39 ± 0.16 a | 1.51 ± 0.11 a | 1.88 ± 0.1 ab | ||
60 | 19.52 ± 1.25 a | 22.25 ± 1.08 de | 14.12 ± 1.48 a | 2.41 ± 0.22 bcdefghij | 0.42 ± 0.04 a | 3.99 ± 0.32 a | 1.63 ± 0.21 a | 2.37 ± 0.36 ab | ||
120 | 15 | 19.52 ± 0.91 a | 22.66 ± 1.19 e | 13.5 ± 1.67 a | 2.74 ± 0.17 fghijk | 0.37 ± 0.02 a | 3.52 ± 0.22 a | 1.66 ± 0.09 a | 1.86 ± 0.14 ab | |
30 | 20.94 ± 0.45 abc | 21.09 ± 2.95 abcde | 13.38 ± 2.03 a | 2.16 ± 0.43 abcdefg | 0.47 ± 0.09 a | 4.09 ± 0.94 a | 1.8 ± 0.28 a | 2.29 ± 0.68 ab | ||
45 | 21.7 ± 2.11 abcde | 21.66 ± 1.7 abcde | 14.83 ± 2.28 a | 1.8 ± 0.17 abc | 0.56 ± 0.05 a | 4.3 ± 0.19 a | 1.83 ± 0.19 a | 2.48 ± 0.13 ab | ||
60 | 19.43 ± 2.38 a | 22.09 ± 1.62 cde | 14.93 ± 1.44 a | 2.29 ± 0.13 abcdefghi | 0.44 ± 0.03 a | 3.7 ± 0.59 a | 1.69 ± 0.21 a | 2.01 ± 0.44 ab | ||
140 | 15 | 20.59 ± 2.24 ab | 20.67 ± 1 abcde | 13.82 ± 1.42 a | 2.92 ± 0.42 hijk | 0.35 ± 0.05 a | 4.38 ± 0.62 a | 1.89 ± 0.27 a | 2.49 ± 0.53 ab | |
30 | 21.04 ± 3.14 abc | 21.47 ± 0.88 abcde | 14.3 ± 0.65 a | 2.04 ± 0.15 abcdefg | 0.49 ± 0.03 a | 3.49 ± 0.45 a | 1.55 ± 0.26 a | 1.94 ± 0.19 ab | ||
45 | 22.32 ± 2.88 abcde | 21.06 ± 2.27 abcde | 16.43 ± 2.19 a | 2.7 ± 0.2 efghijk | 0.37 ± 0.03 a | 3.78 ± 0.29 a | 1.78 ± 0.1 a | 2.01 ± 0.21 ab | ||
60 | 21.91 ± 1.88 abcde | 22.2 ± 1.21 de | 15.53 ± 1.82 a | 2.13 ± 0.16 abcdefg | 0.47 ± 0.04 a | 3.62 ± 0.59 a | 1.62 ± 0.13 a | 2 ± 0.47 ab | ||
160 | 15 | 21.48 ± 2.59 abcd | 21.18 ± 0.24 abcde | 15.52 ± 1.94 a | 2.35 ± 0.09 abcdefghi | 0.43 ± 0.02 a | 4.1 ± 0.19 a | 1.69 ± 0.12 a | 2.41 ± 0.18 ab | |
30 | 20.75 ± 0.44 abc | 21.13 ± 0.13 abcde | 13.11 ± 1.03 a | 2.42 ± 0.05 bcdefghij | 0.41 ± 0.01 a | 3.86 ± 0.33 a | 1.81 ± 0.17 a | 2.05 ± 0.2 ab | ||
45 | 21.43 ± 1.08 abcd | 21.67 ± 2.52 abcde | 13.04 ± 1.64 a | 2.34 ± 0.15 abcdefghi | 0.43 ± 0.03 a | 4.2 ± 0.92 a | 1.96 ± 0.41 a | 2.24 ± 0.75 ab | ||
60 | 19.34 ± 1.05 a | 20.02 ± 0.16 abcde | 12.79 ± 0.77 a | 2.98 ± 0.06 ijk | 0.34 ± 0.01 a | 3.85 ± 0.25 a | 1.5 ± 0.31 a | 2.35 ± 0.09 ab | ||
Statistical significance | * | * | n.s. | * | * | ** | n.s. | ** |
Sample | Temp. (°C) | Time (min) | Moisture (%) | DM (%) | Ash (%) | Coke (%) | FC (%) | VM (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Istarski duguljasti | 100 | 15 | 9.29 ± 0.23 p | 90.71 ± 0.23 a | 1.06 ± 0.12 cdefgh | 23.57 ± 0.21 cdef | 20.32 ± 0.37 a | 69.34 ± 0.02 a |
30 | 7.71 ± 0.24 no | 92.29 ± 0.24 bc | 1.03 ± 0.05 cdefg | 23.63 ± 0.25 cdefg | 20.78 ± 0.34 ab | 70.48 ± 0.04 bcde | ||
45 | 8.03 ± 0.01 o | 91.97 ± 0.01 b | 1.15 ± 0.07 efghi | 23.55 ± 0.87 cdef | 20.51 ± 0.86 bc | 70.31 ± 0.81 abcd | ||
60 | 7.67 ± 0.01 n | 92.33 ± 0.01 c | 0.99 ± 0.07 abcde | 23.13 ± 0.29 abc | 20.36 ± 0.34 bcd | 70.98 ± 0.26 defgh | ||
120 | 15 | 7.79 ± 0.18 no | 92.21 ± 0.18 bc | 0.93 ± 0.04 abcd | 24.2 ± 0.07 efghij | 21.38 ± 0.06 bcd | 70.43 ± 0.99 bcde | |
30 | 6.95 ± 0.04 klm | 93.05 ± 0.04 def | 1.01 ± 0.02 bcdef | 24.94 ± 0.14 jk | 22.19 ± 0.14 bcde | 69.84 ± 0.16 abc | ||
45 | 6.67 ± 0.03 ijkl | 93.33 ± 0.03 efgh | 1.01 ± 0.04 bcdef | 24.47 ± 0.35 ghij | 21.83 ± 0.38 bcdef | 70.49 ± 0.31 bcde | ||
60 | 6.9 ± 0.19 jklm | 93.1 ± 0.19 defg | 0.84 ± 0.02 a | 23.81 ± 0.23 cdefghi | 21.32 ± 0.16 bcdef | 70.94 ± 0.36 defgh | ||
140 | 15 | 7 ± 0.04 lm | 93 ± 0.04 de | 0.92 ± 0.05 abc | 24.08 ± 0.17 defghij | 21.47 ± 0.1 bcdefg | 70.61 ± 0.19 bcdef | |
30 | 6.61 ± 0.22 ij | 93.39 ± 0.22 gh | 1.01 ± 0 bcdef | 24.14 ± 0.4 efghij | 21.54 ± 0.43 bcdefgh | 70.84 ± 0.2 cdefg | ||
45 | 6.64 ± 0.02 ijk | 93.36 ± 0.02 fgh | 1.03 ± 0 cdefg | 24.1 ± 0.03 defghij | 21.47 ± 0.04 cdefghi | 70.86 ± 0.02 cdefgh | ||
60 | 5.96 ± 0.15 def | 94.04 ± 0.15 klm | 1.2 ± 0.01 hi | 23.84 ± 0.26 cdefghi | 21.22 ± 0.22 cdefghij | 71.62 ± 0.36 fghi | ||
160 | 15 | 6.27 ± 0.07 fgh | 93.73 ± 0.07 ijk | 1.16 ± 0.06 fghi | 25.56 ± 0.17 k | 22.79 ± 0.11 cdefghij | 69.77 ± 0.1 ab | |
30 | 5.91 ± 0.08 cde | 94.09 ± 0.08 lmn | 0.99 ± 0.03 abcd | 24.16 ± 0.26 efghij | 21.74 ± 0.29 cdefghij | 71.36 ± 0.18 efghi | ||
45 | 5.36 ± 0.03 ab | 94.64 ± 0.03 op | 1.09 ± 0.03 defghi | 24.04 ± 0.27 defghi | 21.66 ± 0.22 defghijk | 71.89 ± 0.28 hij | ||
60 | 5.58 ± 0.06 bc | 94.42 ± 0.06 no | 1.02 ± 0.01 cdef | 23.93 ± 0.3 cdefghi | 21.57 ± 0.25 efghijkl | 71.82 ± 0.33 ghij | ||
Rimski okrugli | 100 | 15 | 9.11 ± 0.1 p | 90.89 ± 0.1 a | 0.97 ± 0.03 abcd | 23.71 ± 0.31 cdefgh | 20.58 ± 0.27 efghijkl | 69.34 ± 0.21 a |
30 | 8.01 ± 0.04 no | 91.99 ± 0.04 bc | 1.24 ± 0.09 i | 22.38 ± 0.38 a | 19.34 ± 0.26 fghijkl | 71.41 ± 0.39 efghi | ||
45 | 7.71 ± 0 no | 92.29 ± 0 bc | 0.91 ± 0.06 abc | 22.64 ± 0.29 ab | 19.99 ± 0.21 ghijkl | 71.4 ± 0.26 efghi | ||
60 | 7.81 ± 0.08 no | 92.19 ± 0.08 bc | 0.98 ± 0.06 abcd | 23.8 ± 0.15 cdefgh | 20.96 ± 0.1 ghijkl | 70.25 ± 0.08 abcd | ||
120 | 15 | 7.69 ± 0.03 n | 92.31 ± 0.03 c | 0.98 ± 0.03 abcd | 23.4 ± 0.14 bcde | 20.62 ± 0.15 hijkl | 70.71 ± 0.15 bcdef | |
30 | 7.71 ± 0.07 no | 92.29 ± 0.07 bc | 0.86 ± 0.01 ab | 23.59 ± 0.1 cdefg | 20.91 ± 0.07 hijkl | 70.52 ± 0.14 bcde | ||
45 | 6.58 ± 0.04 hij | 93.42 ± 0.04 ghi | 1.05 ± 0.04 cdefgh | 23.06 ± 0.1 abc | 20.5 ± 0.13 hijkl | 71.87 ± 0.13 ghij | ||
60 | 6.96 ± 0.04 klm | 93.04 ± 0.04 def | 1.01 ± 0.03 bcdef | 24.7 ± 0.2 ijk | 21.97 ± 0.15 hijkl | 70.06 ± 0.22 abcd | ||
140 | 15 | 7.02 ± 0 m | 92.98 ± 0 d | 1.01 ± 0.04 bcdef | 24.08 ± 0.04 defghij | 21.38 ± 0 ijkl | 70.59 ± 0.03 bcdef | |
30 | 6.47 ± 0.02 ghi | 93.53 ± 0.02 hij | 1.18 ± 0.06 ghi | 24.32 ± 0.22 fghij | 21.57 ± 0.27 ijkl | 70.79 ± 0.19 bcdef | ||
45 | 6.14 ± 0.02 efg | 93.86 ± 0.02 jkl | 1.06 ± 0.07 cdefgh | 24.35 ± 0.14 fghij | 21.79 ± 0.21 ijkl | 71.01 ± 0.12 defgh | ||
60 | 5.98 ± 0.15 def | 94.02 ± 0.15 klm | 0.84 ± 0.06 a | 23.87 ± 0.46 cdefghi | 21.61 ± 0.34 jkl | 71.58 ± 0.54 fghi | ||
160 | 15 | 5.93 ± 0.12 de | 94.07 ± 0.12 lm | 1.16 ± 0.06 fghi | 24.53 ± 0.28 hij | 21.92 ± 0.3 klm | 70.99 ± 0.36 defgh | |
30 | 5.74 ± 0.03 cd | 94.26 ± 0.03 mn | 1.05 ± 0.06 cdefgh | 23.41 ± 0.1 bcde | 21.02 ± 0.16 klm | 72.19 ± 0.07 ij | ||
45 | 5.24 ± 0.11 a | 94.76 ± 0.11 p | 1.01 ± 0.01 bcdef | 23.22 ± 0.1 abcd | 21 ± 0.06 lm | 72.75 ± 0.18 jk | ||
60 | 5.02 ± 0.02 a | 94.98 ± 0.02 p | 1.06 ± 0.01 cdefgh | 22.58 ± 0.04 ab | 20.39 ± 0.05 m | 73.54 ± 0.05 k | ||
Statistical significance | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Sample | Temp. (°C) | Time (min) | N (%) | C (%) | S (%) | O (%) | H (%) | HHV (MJ kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Istarski duguljasti | 100 | 15 | 0.31 ± 0.05 a | 54.88 ± 0.91 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 37.73 ± 0.98 def | 7 ± 0.02 jklmn | 20.4 ± 0.19 fghi |
30 | 0.39 ± 0 a | 54.86 ± 0.51 a | 0.07 ± 0 a | 37.98 ± 0.45 def | 6.7 ± 0.05 efghijklm | 20.29 ± 0.02 defgh | ||
45 | 0.31 ± 0.02 a | 55.21 ± 0.37 ab | 0.07 ± 0 a | 37.69 ± 0.35 def | 6.73 ± 0 efghijklm | 20.75 ± 0.01 jkl | ||
60 | 0.19 ± 0.03 a | 55.01 ± 0.21 a | 0.06 ± 0 a | 38.92 ± 0.19 f | 5.81 ± 0.05 a | 20.59 ± 0.02 hijkl | ||
120 | 15 | 0.22 ± 0 a | 55.5 ± 0.23 ab | 0.06 ± 0 a | 37.92 ± 0.68 def | 6.29 ± 0.46 bcde | 20.36 ± 0.06 efghi | |
30 | 0.33 ± 0.12 a | 56.18 ± 0.02 abcd | 0.09 ± 0 a | 36.81 ± 0.08 bcdef | 6.59 ± 0.03 defghij | 20.82 ± 0.06 kl | ||
45 | 0.26 ± 0.01 a | 56.16 ± 0.19 abcd | 0.72 ± 0.09 b | 36.25 ± 0.3 abcd | 6.61 ± 0.01 defghijk | 20.57 ± 0.02 hijkl | ||
60 | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 55.76 ± 0.12 abc | 0.07 ± 0 a | 36.83 ± 0.08 bcdef | 7.06 ± 0.21 klmn | 20.75 ± 0.01 jkl | ||
140 | 15 | 0.23 ± 0 a | 55.42 ± 0.01 ab | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 37.48 ± 0.02 def | 6.8 ± 0.02 fghijklm | 20.49 ± 0 ghij | |
30 | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 56.47 ± 0.06 abcd | 0.07 ± 0 a | 36.26 ± 0.04 abcd | 6.91 ± 0.02 hijklmn | 20.81 ± 0.08 kl | ||
45 | 0.33 ± 0 a | 56.05 ± 0 abcd | 0.07 ± 0 a | 37.1 ± 0.11 cdef | 6.45 ± 0.11 cdefg | 20.88 ± 0.2 l | ||
60 | 0.33 ± 0 a | 56.3 ± 3.13 abcd | 0.07 ± 0 a | 36.74 ± 3.15 bcde | 6.55 ± 0.01 cdefghi | 20.47 ± 0.01 ghij | ||
160 | 15 | 0.35 ± 0.01 a | 56.61 ± 0.28 abcd | 0.09 ± 0 a | 36.53 ± 0.28 abcde | 6.42 ± 0.01 cdef | 19.72 ± 0.09 ab | |
30 | 0.36 ± 0 a | 56.65 ± 0.1 abcd | 0.07 ± 0 a | 36.09 ± 0.1 abcd | 6.83 ± 0.01 fghijklmn | 19.54 ± 0.06 a | ||
45 | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 57.11 ± 0.12 bcd | 0.08 ± 0 a | 35.33 ± 0.12 abc | 7.07 ± 0.01 lmn | 20.13 ± 0.06 cdef | ||
60 | 0.34 ± 0.02 a | 56.64 ± 0.01 abcd | 0.08 ± 0 a | 35.88 ± 0.01 abcd | 7.06 ± 0 lmn | 20.18 ± 0.01 cdefg | ||
Rimski okrugli | 100 | 15 | 0.2 ± 0 a | 55.1 ± 0.05 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 37.64 ± 0.46 def | 6.99 ± 0.41 ijklmn | 20.52 ± 0.17 hijk |
30 | 0.5 ± 0.03 a | 55.54 ± 0.03 ab | 0.07 ± 0 a | 36.94 ± 0.03 bcdef | 6.96 ± 0.03 hijklmn | 20.63 ± 0.09 ijkl | ||
45 | 0.21 ± 0 a | 55.2 ± 0 ab | 0.06 ± 0 a | 38.59 ± 0.22 ef | 5.94 ± 0.22 ab | 20.52 ± 0.02 hijk | ||
60 | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 56.19 ± 0.26 abcd | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 36.4 ± 0.57 abcd | 7.06 ± 0.33 lmn | 20.66 ± 0.01 ijkl | ||
120 | 15 | 0.22 ± 0 a | 56.22 ± 0.02 abcd | 0.06 ± 0 a | 36.73 ± 0.08 bcde | 6.77 ± 0.06 fghijklm | 20.73 ± 0.04 jkl | |
30 | 0.23 ± 0.01 a | 55.63 ± 0.06 abc | 0.08 ± 0 a | 37.53 ± 0.08 def | 6.53 ± 0 cdefgh | 20.66 ± 0.06 ijkl | ||
45 | 0.22 ± 0.01 a | 56.27 ± 0.11 abcd | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 37.21 ± 0.22 cdef | 6.23 ± 0.11 abcd | 20.73 ± 0.04 jkl | ||
60 | 1.23 ± 1.07 b | 55.54 ± 0.09 ab | 0.07 ± 0 a | 37.02 ± 1.18 bcdef | 6.14 ± 0.02 abc | 20.6 ± 0.01 hijkl | ||
140 | 15 | 0.3 ± 0.01 a | 55.6 ± 0.09 ab | 0.07 ± 0 a | 37.19 ± 0.13 cdef | 6.84 ± 0.02 fghijklmn | 20.65 ± 0.08 ijkl | |
30 | 0.28 ± 0.01 a | 55.99 ± 0.02 abcd | 0.07 ± 0 a | 37.09 ± 0.02 cdef | 6.56 ± 0.01 cdefghij | 20.46 ± 0.03 ghij | ||
45 | 0.27 ± 0.02 a | 56.02 ± 0.02 abcd | 0.07 ± 0 a | 36.76 ± 0.04 bcde | 6.88 ± 0.03 ghijklmn | 20.87 ± 0.25 l | ||
60 | 0.24 ± 0 a | 55.69 ± 0.08 abc | 0.07 ± 0 a | 37.34 ± 0.05 cdef | 6.66 ± 0.02 defghijkl | 20.75 ± 0.02 jkl | ||
160 | 15 | 0.3 ± 0.02 a | 56.23 ± 0.36 abcd | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 36.69 ± 0.37 bcde | 6.72 ± 0.01 efghijklm | 19.88 ± 0.02 bc | |
30 | 0.25 ± 0 a | 56.63 ± 0.03 abcd | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 36.23 ± 0.04 abcd | 6.82 ± 0 fghijklmn | 20.45 ± 0.3 fghij | ||
45 | 0.33 ± 0 a | 57.56 ± 0.12 cd | 0.07 ± 0 a | 34.93 ± 0.12 ab | 7.11 ± 0 mn | 20.06 ± 0.04 cde | ||
60 | 0.42 ± 0 a | 57.84 ± 0.03 d | 0.07 ± 0 a | 34.42 ± 0.04 a | 7.25 ± 0.02 n | 20.02 ± 0.03 bcd | ||
Statistical significance | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | ** | n.s. |
Effect | DF | SS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Len. (mm) | Wid. (mm) | Thick. (mm) | Den. (g/cm3) | Vol. (cm3) | FM (g) | KM (g) | SM (g) | ||
Sample | 1 | 478.07 * | 188.47 * | 3.69 | 0.01 | 0.11 * | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
Temp. | 3 | 10.18 | 11.68 | 12.53 | 1.05 * | 0.53 * | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
Time | 3 | 11.49 | 4.04 | 10.48 | 1.17 * | 0.19 * | 1.58 | 0.38 ** | 0.64 |
Sample × Temp. | 3 | 4.84 | 0.95 | 6.20 | 0.71 * | 0.17 * | 0.76 | 0.16 | 0.31 |
Sample × Time | 3 | 1.77 | 0.19 | 6.20 | 1.61 * | 0.37 * | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.24 |
Temp. × Time | 9 | 46.44 | 9.04 | 27.70 | 5.98 * | 1.55 * | 3.28 | 0.60 | 1.74 |
Sample × Temp. × Time | 9 | 15.31 | 8.27 | 28.30 | 5.52 * | 1.84 * | 4.25 * | 0.80 ** | 1.97 ** |
Error | 64 | 184.63 | 97.88 | 147.19 | 3.33 | 0.71 | 12.31 | 2.78 | 6.33 |
Effect | DF | SS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture (%) | DM (%) | Ash (%) | Coke (%) | FC (%) | VM (%) | ||
Sample | 1 | 0.15 * | 0.15 * | 0.00 | 5.25 * | 4.11 * | 5.15 * |
Temp. | 3 | 82.85 * | 82.85 * | 0.14 * | 9.56 * | 22.13 * | 26.09 * |
Time | 3 | 16.02 * | 16.02 * | 0.04 * | 3.21 * | 0.60 * | 19.85 * |
Sample × Temp. | 3 | 0.68 * | 0.68 * | 0.01 | 3.99 * | 3.76 | 4.28 * |
Sample × Time | 3 | 0.63 * | 0.63 * | 0.07 * | 2.70 * | 2.92 * | 2.33 * |
Temp. × Time | 9 | 3.00 * | 3.00 * | 0.20 * | 11.19 * | 8.74 * | 15.04 * |
Sample × Temp. × Time | 9 | 0.92 * | 0.92 * | 0.44 * | 6.50 * | 5.06 * | 5.71 * |
Error | 64 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.16 | 4.95 | 4.74 | 6.57 |
Effect | DF | SS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | C (%) | S (%) | O (%) | H (%) | HHV (MJ kg−1) | ||
Sample | 1 | 0.03 | 0.56 | 0.05 * | 0.76 | 0.03 | 0.20 * |
Temp. | 3 | 0.13 | 33.68 * | 0.12 * | 48.62 * | 1.86 * | 7.23 * |
Time | 3 | 0.31 ** | 3.50 ** | 0.11 * | 4.46 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.63 * |
Sample × Temp. | 3 | 0.23 | 1.96 | 0.12 * | 3.42 | 0.56 * | 0.13 * |
Sample × Time | 3 | 0.40 ** | 0.70 | 0.12 * | 4.47 ** | 0.55 * | 0.27 * |
Temp. × Time | 9 | 1.08 * | 3.96 | 0.35 * | 9.55 ** | 3.13 * | 0.35 * |
Sample × Temp. × Time | 9 | 0.84 ** | 4.58 | 0.35 * | 13.54 * | 4.75 * | 1.69 * |
Error | 64 | 2.34 | 23.06 | 0.02 | 28.25 | 1.22 | 0.62 |
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Share and Cite
Matin, A.; Brandić, I.; Voća, N.; Bilandžija, N.; Matin, B.; Jurišić, V.; Antonović, A.; Krička, T. Changes in the Properties of Hazelnut Shells Due to Conduction Drying. Agriculture 2023, 13, 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030589
Matin A, Brandić I, Voća N, Bilandžija N, Matin B, Jurišić V, Antonović A, Krička T. Changes in the Properties of Hazelnut Shells Due to Conduction Drying. Agriculture. 2023; 13(3):589. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030589
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatin, Ana, Ivan Brandić, Neven Voća, Nikola Bilandžija, Božidar Matin, Vanja Jurišić, Alan Antonović, and Tajana Krička. 2023. "Changes in the Properties of Hazelnut Shells Due to Conduction Drying" Agriculture 13, no. 3: 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030589