Biometric Trait Characterization and Multivariate Discriminant Analysis of Traditionally Bred Autochthonous Chickens in Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Selection and Sampling Approaches
2.2. Biometric Traits and Body Weight Measurement
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Univariate Analysis
2.3.2. Multivariate Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sexual Dimorphism and the District Effect
3.2. Age Group and District Effect
3.3. Phenotypic Correlations
3.4. Multivariate Discriminant Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biometric Trait | Traits Measurement Descriptions |
---|---|
Body length | Extending from the tip of the beak to the tip of the tail (cloacae) |
Back length | From the insertion of the neck into the body to the base of the tail |
Chest circumference | The circumference around the deepest region of the breast |
Keel length | The length between vertices of the sternum leaning the bird on its back |
Neck length | The length between the nape and insertion of the neck into the body |
Shank length | The length between the hock joint to the spur of either leg |
Shank circumference | The circular measurement in the middle of the shank |
Wingspan length | The length between the tips of the right and left wings after a full stretch |
Effect | All Sex | District—Hen | District—Rooster | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biometric Traits and Body Weight | Hen (n = 544) | Rooster (n = 176) | Agarfa (n = 316) | Goba (n = 228) | Agarfa (n = 104) | Goba (n = 72) |
Chest circumference | 23.97 ± 1.2 b | 25.19 ± 1.2 a | 24.27 ± 0.9 a | 23.55 ± 1.35 b | 25.42 ± 1.1 a | 24.85 ± 1.27 b |
Back length | 16.8 ± 1.0 b | 17.71 ± 1.1 a | 17.34 ± 0.7 a | 16.05 ± 0.73 b | 18.11 ± 1.0 a | 17.13 ± 0.94 b |
Wingspan length | 42.14 ± 1.8 b | 43.86 ± 2.0 a | 42.83 ± 1.6 a | 41.19 ± 1.77 b | 44.29 ± 1.9 a | 43.23 ± 1.98 b |
Shank length | 7.72 ± 1.1 b | 8.54 ± 1.0 a | 8.38 ± 0.8 a | 6.8 ± 0.60 b | 8.8 ± 0.90 a | 8.17 ± 0.97 b |
Shank circumference | 3.84 ± 0.2 b | 3.98 ± 0.2 a | 3.85 ± 0.2 a | 3.82 ± 0.14 a | 4.02 ± 0.2 a | 3.92 ± 0.14 b |
Neck length | 10.06 ± 1.0 b | 11.3 ± 1.1 a | 10.23 ± 1.0 a | 9.82 ± 1.05 b | 11.49 ± 1.2 a | 11.02 ± 1.04 b |
Keel length | 9.34 ± 1.2 a | 9.54 ± 1.3 a | 9.73 ± 1.0 a | 8.79 ± 1.17 b | 9.89 ± 1.2 a | 9.03 ± 1.18 b |
Body length | 35.63 ± 1.1 b | 39.18 ± 1.2 a | 35.88 ± 1.1 a | 35.27 ± 1.11 b | 39.54 ± 0.9 a | 38.65 ± 1.38 b |
Body weight | 1.32 ± 0.2 b | 1.52 ± 0.2 a | 1.35 ± 0.2 a | 1.29 ± 0.16 b | 1.55 ± 0.2 a | 1.47 ± 0.18 b |
All | Agarfa | Goba | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | AG-1 | AG-2 | AG-3 | AG-1 | AG-2 | AG-3 | AG-1 | AG-2 | AG-3 |
Hen | n = 166 | n = 285 | n = 93 | n = 124 | n = 147 | n = 45 | n = 42 | n = 138 | n = 48 |
CC | 23.89 ± 1.01 b | 23.92 ± 1.2 b | 24.27 ± 1.39 a | 24.07 ± 0.91 b | 24.29 ± 0.84 b | 24.77 ± 0.80 a | 23.36 ± 1.13 a | 23.53 ± 1.29 a | 23.79 ± 1.65 a |
BkL | 16.79 ± 0.89 a | 16.8 ± 0.9 a | 16.81 ± 1.11 a | 17.13 ± 0.67 a | 17.41 ± 0.64 b | 17.72 ± 0.69 c | 15.81 ± 0.69 b | 16.16 ± 0.75 a | 15.95 ± 0.66 ab |
WL | 41.83 ± 1.78 b | 42.24 ± 1.8 ab | 42.41 ± 1.92 a | 42.33 ± 1.55 c | 43.01 ± 1.43 b | 43.61 ± 1.54 a | 40.34 ± 1.60 b | 41.42 ± 1.84 a | 41.29 ± 1.53 a |
SL | 7.99 ± 1.09 a | 7.54 ± 1 b | 7.76 ± 1.1 ab | 8.45 ± 0.82 ab | 8.25 ± 0.74 b | 8.61 ± 0.81 a | 6.65 ± 0.57 b | 6.79 ± 0.58 ab | 6.96 ± 0.66 a |
SC | 3.85 ± 0.16 a | 3.84 ± 0.2 a | 3.82 ± 0.14 a | 3.85 ± 0.16 a | 3.85 ± 0.17 a | 3.82 ± 0.15 a | 3.82 ± 0.15 a | 3.83 ± 0.14 a | 3.81 ± 0.14 a |
NL | 9.79 ± 0.87 c | 10.06 ± 1 b | 10.52 ± 1.14 a | 9.87 ± 0.87 c | 10.27 ± 0.89 b | 11.09 ± 0.94 a | 9.54 ± 0.82 b | 9.84 ± 1.10 ab | 9.99 ± 1.06 a |
KL | 9.17 ± 0.99 b | 9.3 ± 1.1 b | 9.72 ± 1.38 a | 9.37 ± 0.87 c | 9.77 ± 0.89 b | 10.59 ± 0.94 a | 8.59 ± 1.09 a | 8.81 ± 1.17 a | 8.91 ± 1.22 a |
BL | 35.6 ± 1.06 a | 35.67 ± 1.1 a | 35.55 ± 1.32 a | 35.75 ± 1.02 b | 35.92 ± 1.05 ab | 36.12 ± 1.23 a | 35.15 ± 1.06 a | 35.4 ± 1.10 a | 35.02 ± 1.17 a |
BW | 1.32 ± 0.18 a | 1.32 ± 0.2 a | 1.34 ± 0.15 a | 1.34 ± 0.18 a | 1.36 ± 0.18 a | 1.34 ± 0.13 a | 1.25 ± 0.19 b | 1.28 ± 0.14 ab | 1.34 ± 0.17 a |
Rooster | n = 41 | n = 73 | n = 62 | n = 18 | n = 45 | n = 41 | n = 23 | n = 28 | n = 21 |
CC | 24.8 ± 1.17 b | 25.06 ± 1.2 b | 25.59 ± 1.2 a | 25.43 ± 0.97 a | 25.43 ± 0.97 a | 25.70 ± 1.16 a | 24.31 ± 1.09 b | 24.31 ± 1.09 ab | 25.38 ± 1.29 a |
BkL | 17.34 ± 1.12 b | 17.7 ± 1 ab | 17.95 ± 1.14 a | 18.11 ± 0.75 a | 18.11 ± 0.75 a | 18.15 ± 1.26 a | 16.74 ± 1.00 b | 16.74 ± 1.00 ab | 17.56 ± 0.75 a |
WL | 43.18 ± 2.05 b | 43.76 ± 2 ab | 44.42 ± 1.77 a | 44.13 ± 1.54 a | 44.13 ± 1.54 a | 44.47 ± 1.97 a | 42.43 ± 2.12 b | 42.43 ± 2.12 b | 44.33 ± 1.33 a |
SL | 8.1 ± 0.91 b | 8.53 ± 0.9 a | 8.85 ± 1.05 a | 8.54 ± 0.63 a | 8.54 ± 0.63 a | 9.01 ± 1.12 a | 7.76 ± 0.96 b | 7.76 ± 0.96 ab | 8.55 ± 0.85 a |
SC | 3.97 ± 0.19 a | 3.99 ± 0.2 a | 3.97 ± 0.16 a | 4.08 ± 0.21 a | 4.08 ± 0.21 a | 4.00 ± 0.16 a | 3.89 ± 0.13 a | 3.89 ± 0.13 a | 3.90 ± 0.14 a |
NL | 10.94 ± 1.07 b | 11.25 ± 1.1 ab | 11.6 ± 1.15 a | 11.18 ± 1.25 a | 11.18 ± 1.25 a | 11.76 ± 1.20 a | 10.75 ± 0.89 a | 10.75 ± 0.89 a | 11.28 ± 0.99 a |
KL | 9.29 ± 1.08 b | 9.4 ± 1.3 ab | 9.86 ± 1.3 a | 9.58 ± 1.25 a | 9.58 ± 1.25 a | 10.16 ± 1.20 a | 9.06 ± 0.89 a | 9.06 ± 0.89 a | 9.27 ± 1.31 a |
BL | 38.73 ± 1.43 b | 39.18 ± 1.1 a | 39.47 ± 1.1 a | 39.39 ± 0.82 a | 39.39 ± 0.82 a | 39.68 ± 1.01 a | 38.21 ± 1.60 b | 38.21 ± 1.60 ab | 39.05 ± 1.17 a |
BW | 1.47 ± 0.2 a | 1.53 ± 0.2 a | 1.53 ± 0.17 a | 1.56 ± 0.13 a | 1.56 ± 0.13 a | 1.56 ± 0.17 a | 1.41 ± 0.22 b | 1.41 ± 0.22 b | 1.48 ± 0.14 a |
All Chickens | Hens | Rooster | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | PC1 | PC2 | Communalities | PC1 | PC2 | Comm | PC1 | PC2 | Communalities |
Chest circumference | 0.320 | −0.278 | 0.492 | 0.288 | 0.018 | 0.262 | 0.280 | −0.244 | 0.362 |
Back length | 0.398 | 0.187 | 0.668 | 0.454 | −0.164 | 0.680 | 0.370 | 0.488 | 0.814 |
Wingspan length | 0.366 | 0.250 | 0.601 | 0.394 | −0.246 | 0.559 | 0.362 | 0.449 | 0.743 |
Shank length | 0.372 | 0.148 | 0.572 | 0.409 | −0.134 | 0.549 | 0.390 | 0.017 | 0.551 |
Shank circumference | 0.199 | −0.505 | 0.440 | 0.047 | 0.691 | 0.557 | 0.232 | −0.414 | 0.423 |
Neck length | 0.378 | 0.164 | 0.597 | 0.375 | 0.379 | 0.608 | 0.391 | −0.364 | 0.731 |
Keel length | 0.317 | 0.458 | 0.633 | 0.425 | 0.293 | 0.669 | 0.398 | −0.347 | 0.734 |
Body length | 0.343 | −0.422 | 0.665 | 0.203 | −0.056 | 0.134 | 0.309 | 0.155 | 0.378 |
Body weight | 0.257 | −0.366 | 0.412 | 0.156 | −0.430 | 0.289 | 0.205 | 0.228 | 0.222 |
Eigenvalues | 3.971 | 1.109 | - | 3.621 | 1.337 | - | 3.156 | 1.151 | - |
% variance | 44.120 | 12.320 | - | 35.070 | 12.790 | - | 40.230 | 14.860 | - |
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Mekonnen, K.T.; Lee, D.-H.; Cho, Y.-G.; Son, A.-Y.; Seo, K.-S. Biometric Trait Characterization and Multivariate Discriminant Analysis of Traditionally Bred Autochthonous Chickens in Ethiopia. Agriculture 2023, 13, 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13112142
Mekonnen KT, Lee D-H, Cho Y-G, Son A-Y, Seo K-S. Biometric Trait Characterization and Multivariate Discriminant Analysis of Traditionally Bred Autochthonous Chickens in Ethiopia. Agriculture. 2023; 13(11):2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13112142
Chicago/Turabian StyleMekonnen, Kefala Taye, Dong-Hui Lee, Young-Gyu Cho, Ah-Yeong Son, and Kang-Seok Seo. 2023. "Biometric Trait Characterization and Multivariate Discriminant Analysis of Traditionally Bred Autochthonous Chickens in Ethiopia" Agriculture 13, no. 11: 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13112142