Economic and Environmental Assessment of Olive Agroforestry Practices in Northern Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
- (i)
- open-spaced olive trees intercropped with barley (BOT)
- (ii)
- open-spaced olive trees intercropped with a mixture of barley and common vetch (VBOT)
- (iii)
- olive orchards (OT)
- (iv)
- monocultures of cereals (barley) (BF),
2.2. LCA Background
2.3. Goal and Scope Definition
2.4. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
2.5. Life Cycle Impact Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Emissions and Energy Consumed
3.2. Economic Outcome
3.3. LCA and LCC Evaluation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inputs | Unit | Primary Energy | GHG unit | GHGs | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seeds | |||||
Barley seeds | MJ/kg | 2.95 | gCO2eq/kg | 300.85 | [43] |
Vetch seeds | MJ/kg | 10 | gCO2eq/kg | 488.80 | [44,45,46] |
Agrochemicals | |||||
Ν | MJ/kg | 48.99 | gCO2eq/kg | 4524.41 | [47] |
Ρ | MJ/kg | 15.23 | gCO2eq/kg | 541,67 | [47] |
Κ | MJ/kg | 9.68 | gCO2eq/kg | 416.67 | [47] |
Pesticides | MJ/kg | 268.40 | gCO2eq/kg | 12,003.33 | [47] |
Energy | |||||
Lubricants | MJ/kg | 53.28 | gCO2eq/kg | 947.00 | [47] |
Diesel | MJ/kg | 56.80 | gCO2eq/MJ | 95.10 | [47,48] |
Petrol | MJ/kg | 60.20 | gCO2eq/MJ | 93.30 | [47,48] |
Electricity | MJ/MJ | 2.73 | gCO2eq/MJ | 243.49 | [47] |
Operations, maintenance and manufacturing | |||||
Tractor | MJ/h | 16.42 | gCO2eq/h | 9800 | [49,50] |
Human | MJ/h | 1.80 | gCO2eq | - | [49] |
Machinery | MJ/h | 11.90–35.05 | gCO2eq/h | 0.10–1.70 | [51,52] |
Irrigation system | MJ/ha | 373.7 | gCO2eq | - | [53] |
Use of diesel | MJ | - | gCO2eq/MJ | 0.9 | [47] |
Transportation | |||||
Supplies | MJ/t*km | 0.87 | gCO2eq/t.km | 71 | [47,54] |
Biomass | MJ/t*km | 0.81 | gCO2eq/t.km | 71 | [47,54] |
Inputs | BF | OT | BOT | VBOT |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agrochemicals and seeds | 430.65 | 970.40 | 308.91 | 301.12 |
Energy (electricity, diesel, petrol and lubricants) | 346.67 | 744.60 | 380.57 | 364.21 |
Machinery (direct and indirect) | 66.47 | 149.48 | 72.70 | 129.28 |
Other (Transportation of inputs, indirect N2O, etc) | 210.30 | 436.94 | 155.69 | 13.57 |
Total | 1054.08 | 2301.42 | 917.87 | 808.17 |
Cropping System | BF | OT | BOT | VBOT | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barley | Olive Trees | Vetch-Barley | Olive Trees | |||
Annual yield (ton/ha) | 2.50 | 3.56 | 2.00 | 0.20 | 150 | 0.55 |
Gross revenue (EUR/ha) | 325.00 | 3312.80 | 260.00 | 800.00 | 375.00 | 2216.00 |
Total cost (EUR/ha) | 628.44 | 2805.08 | 486.94 | 1776.49 | ||
Subsidy (EUR/ha) | 250.00 | 355.00 | 470.00 | 680.00 | ||
Profit (EUR/ha) | −53.44 | 862.72 | 1043.06 | 1494.51 |
Activity | BF | OT | BOT | VBOT |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sowing | 140.55 | 99.64 | 78.19 | |
Ploughing | 52.96 | 42.02 | 36.18 | |
Fertilization | 113.55 | 240.43 | 85.25 | 64.41 |
Herbiciding | 63.26 | 165.72 | 66.16 | 158.23 |
Irrigation | 41.23 | |||
Weed control | 346.53 | |||
Prunning | 48.00 | 124.54 | ||
Harvesting | 52.12 | 214.53 | 65.30 | 910.50 |
Total | 422.44 | 1008.44 | 406.37 | 1372.05 |
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Tziolas, E.; Ispikoudis, S.; Mantzanas, K.; Koutsoulis, D.; Pantera, A. Economic and Environmental Assessment of Olive Agroforestry Practices in Northern Greece. Agriculture 2022, 12, 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060851
Tziolas E, Ispikoudis S, Mantzanas K, Koutsoulis D, Pantera A. Economic and Environmental Assessment of Olive Agroforestry Practices in Northern Greece. Agriculture. 2022; 12(6):851. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060851
Chicago/Turabian StyleTziolas, Emmanouil, Stefanos Ispikoudis, Konstantinos Mantzanas, Dimitrios Koutsoulis, and Anastasia Pantera. 2022. "Economic and Environmental Assessment of Olive Agroforestry Practices in Northern Greece" Agriculture 12, no. 6: 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060851