Elimination of Clogging of a Biogas Slurry Drip Irrigation System Using the Optimal Acid and Chlorine Addition Mode
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Material
2.2. Test Device
2.3. Acid and Chlorine Treatment Design
2.4. Emitter Performance Index
2.4.1. Emitter Flow and Relative Average Discharge (Dra)
2.4.2. Clogging Rate of Emitters
2.5. Dry Weight of Clogging Substances
2.6. EPS in the Emitter
3. Results
3.1. Variation Law of Emitter Dra
3.2. Distribution Characteristics of Emitter Clogging along Drip Irrigation Belt Direction
3.3. Dry Weight Distribution Characteristics of Clogging in Drip Irrigation Belt
3.4. Effect of Acid and Chlorine Addition on EPS Content in Emitters
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Acid and Chlorine Addition on Anti-Clogging Performance of Emitters
4.2. Effect of Acid and Chlorine Addition on EPS Content in Emitters
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Compared with CK, acid addition alone and a reasonable combination of acid and chlorine can significantly reduce the probability of serious or complete clogging of BS drip irrigation emitters. A reasonable combination of the acid and chlorine dosing cycle and chlorine dosing concentration can effectively improve the anti-clogging performance of the BS drip irrigation system, compared with acid dosing alone.
- (2)
- Acid and chlorination measures promote the migration of clogging substances to the rear of the drip irrigation belt, resulting in increased clogging of the emitters at the rear of the drip irrigation belt. Compared with low-concentration chlorination under the same acid and chlorination rate cycle, high-concentration chlorination measures further increase the concentration of clogging substances at the back of the drip irrigation belt.
- (3)
- Acid-only treatment and sequential acid and chlorine addition significantly inhibit the growth of EPS in the emitter. Compared with the measures of acid addition alone, the sequential addition of acid and chlorine can more effectively prevent the accumulation of EPS in the emitter at the back of the drip irrigation belt.
- (4)
- To ensure excellent anti-clogging performance of the BS drip irrigation system, when acid-only treatment measures are adopted, the acid dosing cycle is recommended to be 10 days. When acid and chlorination measures are adopted sequentially, the acid chlorination cycle is recommended to be 14 and 10 days when the chlorine concentration is 1–3 and 4–9 mg/L, respectively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Original BS | Test BS | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC (ms/cm) | pH | T/°C | SS (mg/L) | N (mg/L) | P (mg/L) | K (mg/L) | EC (ms/cm) | pH | T/°C | SS (mg/L) |
11.87 ± 0.43 | 9. 15 ± 0.74 | 22 ± 1.2 | 1984 ± 87 | 2068 ± 216 | 337 ± 35 | 513 ± 32 | 2.20 ± 0.26 | 8.71 ± 0.69 | 21 ± 2.3 | 170 ± 36 |
Treatment | Acid | Chlorine | Cycle | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | Duration (min) | Concentration (mg/L) | Duration (min) | ||
NC3 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | - | - | 3 |
NC5 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | - | - | 5 |
NC7 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | - | - | 7 |
NC10 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | - | - | 10 |
LC3 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | 1–3 | 30 | 3 |
LC5 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | 1–3 | 30 | 5 |
LC7 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | 1–3 | 30 | 7 |
LC10 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | 1–3 | 30 | 10 |
HC3 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | 4–9 | 30 | 3 |
HC5 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | 4–9 | 30 | 5 |
HC7 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | 4–9 | 30 | 7 |
HC10 | 5.5–6.0 | 60 | 4–9 | 30 | 10 |
CK | - | - | - | - | - |
Treatment | Dra = 95% | Dra = 65% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head | Middle | End | Mean Value | Head | Middle | End | Mean Value | |
NC3 | 15.5 e | 9.4 g | 38.7 ef | 21.2 f | 10.8 g | 42.1 b | 48.4 b | 33.8 d |
NC5 | 13.8 f | 24 de | 37.1 f | 25 e | 37.1 d | 32.7 cd | 47.5 b | 39.1 c |
NC7 | 26.6 a | 28.1 c | 42 e | 32.2 cd | 10.3 g | 30.6 d | 40.6 c | 27.2 fg |
NC10 | 20.2 c | 22.4 ef | 24.6 h | 22.4 ef | 18.5 f | 25.7 e | 31.8 fgh | 25.3 gh |
LC3 | 17.6 d | 20.6 f | 60 c | 32.7 cd | 46.8 b | 50.2 a | 29.5 h | 42.2 b |
LC5 | 12.8 f | 23.1 def | 34.8 fg | 23.6 ef | 12 g | 6.7 g | 32.9 efgh | 17.2 j |
LC7 | 10.1 g | 30 bc | 32.1 g | 24.1 ef | 25.1 e | 9.6 f | 37 cd | 23.9 hi |
LC10 | 19.9 c | 20.9 f | 60.4 c | 33.7 bc | 81.7 a | 34.2 c | 36.4 de | 50.8 a |
HC3 | 20.1 c | 54.6 a | 103.1 a | 59.3 a | 24.9 e | 27.4 e | 35.4 def | 29.2 ef |
HC5 | 21.3 c | 30.9 b | 51.8 d | 34.7 bc | 25.2 e | 4 h | 34.3 defg | 21.2 i |
HC7 | 13.7 f | 29.8 bc | 48.6 d | 30.7 d | 18.5 f | 34.2 c | 37.9 cd | 30.2 e |
HC10 | 14.2 ef | 21.3 f | 74.1 b | 36.5 b | 12.6 g | 44.6 b | 75.6 a | 44.3 b |
CK | 24.9 b | 25 d | 25.2 h | 25 e | 42.2 c | 30.5 d | 30.6 gh | 34.4 d |
Treatment | EPS (mg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Head | Middle | End | Mean Value | |
NC3 | 1.02 d | 0.59 d | 1.41 c | 1.01 de |
NC5 | 0.37 f | 0.14 e | 1.64 b | 0.71 h |
NC7 | 0.77 e | 0.62 d | 1 def | 0.8 fg |
NC10 | 1 d | 0.88 c | 1.03 de | 0.97 e |
LC3 | 1.17 c | 1.16 b | 0.95 ef | 1.09 d |
LC5 | 0.71 e | 0.81 c | 0.67 h | 0.73 gh |
LC7 | 0.41 f | 0.8 c | 0.4 i | 0.54 i |
LC10 | 1.01 d | 1.82 a | 0.85 g | 1.23 c |
HC3 | 0.71 e | 0.64 d | 0.4 i | 0.58 i |
HC5 | 0.78 e | 1.13 b | 0.64 h | 0.85 f |
HC7 | 1.27 b | 0.67 d | 0.93 fg | 0.96 e |
HC10 | 1.28 b | 0.81 c | 2.03 a | 1.37 b |
CK | 1.99 a | 1.79 a | 1.05 d | 1.61 a |
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Qiu, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, H.; Wang, C.; Sun, Y.; Li, G. Elimination of Clogging of a Biogas Slurry Drip Irrigation System Using the Optimal Acid and Chlorine Addition Mode. Agriculture 2022, 12, 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060777
Qiu X, Wang J, Wang H, Wang C, Sun Y, Li G. Elimination of Clogging of a Biogas Slurry Drip Irrigation System Using the Optimal Acid and Chlorine Addition Mode. Agriculture. 2022; 12(6):777. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060777
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiu, Xuefeng, Jiandong Wang, Haitao Wang, Chuanjuan Wang, Yuechao Sun, and Guangyong Li. 2022. "Elimination of Clogging of a Biogas Slurry Drip Irrigation System Using the Optimal Acid and Chlorine Addition Mode" Agriculture 12, no. 6: 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060777