Rice Cultivar Renewal Reduces Methane Emissions by Improving Root Traits and Optimizing Photosynthetic Carbon Allocation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Designs
2.1.1. Experiment 1: Effects of Rice CR on Grain Yield and CH4 Emissions in Paddy Field
2.1.2. Experiment 2: Effects of Panicle Fertilizer on Grain Yield and CH4 Emissions in Paddy Fields
2.2. CH4 Sampling and Measurement Methods
2.3. Rice Root Traits
2.4. Root Exudated Total Organic Carbon (ETOC)
2.5. CH4 Production Potential and CH4 Oxidation Potential
2.6. Grain Yield
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Experimental Factors
3.2. Grain Yield
3.3. Methane Emissions
3.4. Shoot Biomass and Root Traits
3.5. Root Exudate Organic Carbon
3.6. Methane Production and Oxidation in Rhizosphere Soil
3.7. Relationships between CH4 Emissions and Root Traits and ETOC
3.8. The Regulation of Panicle Fertilizer on Grain Yield, CH4 Emissions, Root Growth, and Root Exudation
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effect of CR on Rice Yields
4.2. The Effect of CR on CH4 Emissions
4.3. Relationships between Rice Root Traits, ETOC, and CH4 Emissions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivar Type | Cultivar | Release Year | Panicle Differentiation Stage (Days) | Growth Duration (Days) | Proportion of PD in GD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950’s | Huangkezao | 1952 | 33 | 113 | 29.2 |
Guihuaqiu | 1958 | 29 | 120 | 24.2 | |
Average | 31.0 b | 116.5 bc | 26.7 b | ||
1960’s | Jinnanfeng | 1960 | 35 | 118 | 29.7 |
Guihuahuang | 1963 | 34 | 118 | 28.8 | |
Average | 34.5 a | 118 bc | 29.2 a | ||
1970’s | Liming | 1970 | 29 | 115 | 25.2 |
Xudao2 | 1979 | 32 | 114 | 28.1 | |
Average | 30.5 b | 114.5 c | 26.6 b | ||
1980’s | Yanjing2 | 1983 | 29 | 116 | 25.0 |
Sidao8 | 1986 | 32 | 115 | 27.8 | |
Average | 30.5 b | 115.5 c | 26.4 b | ||
1990’s | Zhendao88 | 1997 | 33 | 118 | 28.0 |
Huaidao5 | 1999 | 30 | 125 | 24.0 | |
Average | 31.5 b | 121.5 ab | 26.0 bc | ||
2000’s | Huaidao9 | 2006 | 30 | 122 | 24.6 |
Lianjing7 | 2010 | 31 | 125 | 24.8 | |
Average | 30.5 b | 123.5 a | 24.7 c | ||
2010’s | Wuyunjing27 | 2012 | 33 | 126 | 26.2 |
Nanjing9108 | 2013 | 31 | 123 | 25.2 | |
Average | 32.0 ab | 124.5 a | 25.7 bc |
Cultivar Type | Cultivar | Panicle Number (×104 ha−1) | Spikelets per Panicle | Total Numbers of Spikelets (×106 ha−1) | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | Filled Grains (%) | Yield (t ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950’s | Huangkezao | 288.3 | 116.5 | 335.9 | 25.6 | 54.0 | 4.6 |
Guihuaqiu | 254.3 | 118.5 | 301.3 | 26.0 | 72.8 | 5.7 | |
Average | 271.3 b | 117.5 de | 318.6 f | 25.8 a | 63.4 f | 5.2 f | |
1960’s | Jinnanfeng | 286.9 | 117.8 | 338.0 | 24.6 | 65.8 | 5.5 |
Guihuahuang | 273.6 | 122.6 | 335.4 | 25.0 | 81.3 | 6.8 | |
Average | 280.3 ab | 120.2 d | 336.7 d | 24.8 bc | 73.6 e | 6.1 e | |
1970’s | Liming | 304.3 | 122.5 | 372.8 | 25.5 | 80.9 | 7.7 |
Xudao2 | 268.7 | 121.2 | 325.7 | 25.5 | 86.2 | 7.2 | |
Average | 286.5 ab | 121.9 cd | 349.2 e | 25.5 ab | 83.5 cd | 7.4 d | |
1980’s | Yanjing2 | 302.4 | 123.4 | 373.2 | 25.6 | 84.3 | 8.1 |
Sidao8 | 315.8 | 128.8 | 406.8 | 24.4 | 86.6 | 8.6 | |
Average | 309.1 a | 126.1 c | 389.9 c | 25.0 bc | 85.5 b | 8.3 c | |
1990’s | Zhendao88 | 287.9 | 141.8 | 408.1 | 25.7 | 91.2 | 9.6 |
Huaidao5 | 274.5 | 148.3 | 407.1 | 25.2 | 89.5 | 9.2 | |
Average | 281.2 ab | 145.0 b | 407.6 b | 25.5 ab | 90.4 a | 9.4 ab | |
2000’s | Huaidao9 | 276.4 | 169.6 | 468.8 | 25.2 | 85.3 | 10.1 |
Lianjing7 | 284.6 | 165.6 | 471.3 | 25.6 | 84.4 | 10.2 | |
Average | 280.5 ab | 167.6 a | 470.0 a | 25.4 ab | 84.9 bc | 10.1 a | |
2010’s | Wuyunjing27 | 290.3 | 160.7 | 466.6 | 25.1 | 87.3 | 10.2 |
Nanjing9108 | 262.1 | 162.0 | 425.0 | 26.2 | 88.4 | 9.8 | |
Average | 276.2 ab | 161.4 a | 445.6 a | 25.7 a | 87.9 ab | 10.0 a |
Cultivar Type | Cultivar | Shoot Biomass (g m−2) | Root Biomass (g m−2) | Root/Shoot Ratio | Harvest Index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Booting | Heading | Booting | Heading | Booting | Heading | |||
1950’s | Huangkezao | 303.5 | 545.5 | 45.5 | 49.6 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.45 |
Guihuaqiu | 353.7 | 575.8 | 51.6 | 57.0 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.47 | |
Average | 328.2 e | 561.3 d | 48.6 d | 53.3 d | 0.15 c | 0.10 d | 0.46 c | |
1960’s | Jinnanfeng | 337.5 | 613.8 | 52.4 | 57.7 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.47 |
Guihuahuang | 406.7 | 684.9 | 62.9 | 69.9 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.45 | |
Average | 372.0 d | 650.8 c | 57.7 c | 63.8 c | 0.16 c | 0.10 d | 0.46 c | |
1970’s | Liming | 406.5 | 684.0 | 66.5 | 72.5 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.46 |
Xudao2 | 374.8 | 596.5 | 60.6 | 68.0 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.46 | |
Average | 390.7 d | 638.6 c | 63.6 c | 70.3 c | 0.16 c | 0.11 c | 0.46 c | |
1980’s | Yanjing2 | 593.2 | 859.8 | 110.5 | 119.5 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.51 |
Sidao8 | 607.4 | 925.6 | 114.4 | 121.2 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.48 | |
Average | 600.4 bc | 891.7 b | 112.5 b | 120.4 b | 0.19 b | 0.14 b | 0.49 b | |
1990’s | Zhendao88 | 596.1 | 923.9 | 118.4 | 127.5 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.51 |
Huaidao5 | 569.3 | 849.7 | 114.2 | 124.1 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.49 | |
Average | 582.6 c | 885.8 b | 116.3 b | 125.8 b | 0.20 b | 0.14 ab | 0.50 ab | |
2000’s | Huaidao9 | 604.9 | 1005.4 | 136.9 | 148.8 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.52 |
Lianjing7 | 635.1 | 1029.4 | 147.6 | 158.5 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.51 | |
Average | 620.2 ab | 1017.6 a | 142.2 a | 153.7 a | 0.23 a | 0.15 a | 0.51 ab | |
2010’s | Wuyunjing27 | 657.1 | 1100.6 | 149.8 | 162.1 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.52 |
Nanjing9108 | 638.1 | 1002.7 | 147.6 | 159.1 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.52 | |
Average | 647.5 a | 1049.7 a | 148.7 a | 160.6 a | 0.23 a | 0.15 a | 0.52 a |
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Li, S.; Chen, L.; Han, X.; Yang, K.; Liu, K.; Wang, J.; Chen, Y.; Liu, L. Rice Cultivar Renewal Reduces Methane Emissions by Improving Root Traits and Optimizing Photosynthetic Carbon Allocation. Agriculture 2022, 12, 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122134
Li S, Chen L, Han X, Yang K, Liu K, Wang J, Chen Y, Liu L. Rice Cultivar Renewal Reduces Methane Emissions by Improving Root Traits and Optimizing Photosynthetic Carbon Allocation. Agriculture. 2022; 12(12):2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122134
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Siyu, Lu Chen, Xian Han, Kai Yang, Kun Liu, Jun Wang, Yun Chen, and Lijun Liu. 2022. "Rice Cultivar Renewal Reduces Methane Emissions by Improving Root Traits and Optimizing Photosynthetic Carbon Allocation" Agriculture 12, no. 12: 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122134