Optimization of Profit for Pasture-Based Beef Cattle and Sheep Farming Using Linear Programming: Young Beef Cattle Production in New Zealand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Model Scenarios
2.2. Young Beef Cattle Activities
2.3. Feed Demand Estimation for Young Beef Cattle
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age (Month) | * Average Weight (kg) | Heifer | Steer | Bull | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slaughter Ages | Slaughter Ages | Slaughter Ages | |||||||||||
H-8 | H-10 | H-12 | H-14 | S-8 | S-10 | S-12 | S-14 | B-8 | B-10 | B-12 | B-14 | ||
3 | 100 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
115 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |
4 | 130 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
142 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | |
5 | 155 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
164 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | |
6 | 180 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 |
194 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | |
7 | 206 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
222 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | |
8 | 237 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 |
249 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | |
9 | 261 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | |||
273 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | ||||
10 | 286 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | |||
293 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | ||||
11 | 301 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | ||||||
308 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | |||||||
12 | 316 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 8.4 | ||||||
331 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 8.6 | 8.6 | |||||||
13 | 347 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 9.0 | |||||||||
362 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 8.8 | ||||||||||
14 | 377 | 7.7 | 8.2 | 9.2 | |||||||||
392 | 7.1 | 8.4 | 9.4 |
Production Cost Cattle | Young Cattle Slaughtered at 8 Months | Young Cattle Slaughtered at 10 Months | Young Cattle Slaughtered at 12 Months | Young Cattle Slaughtered at 14 Months |
---|---|---|---|---|
Seed | 0.61 | 0.81 | 1.01 | 1.22 |
Cultivation and sowing | 0.52 | 0.69 | 0.86 | 1.03 |
Feed and grazing | 1.26 | 1.68 | 2.10 | 2.53 |
Weed and pest | 0.67 | 0.90 | 1.12 | 1.35 |
Wages and salaries | 2.69 | 3.59 | 4.48 | 5.38 |
Animal health | 1.16 | 1.54 | 1.93 | 2.32 |
Fertilizer and lime | 3.77 | 5.03 | 6.29 | 7.55 |
Vehicles and fuel | 1.69 | 2.25 | 2.81 | 3.37 |
Electricity | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.48 |
Other | 14.47 | 19.29 | 24.11 | 28.94 |
Sum | 27.07 | 36.09 | 45.11 | 54.14 |
Beef Cattle and Sheep Classes | Optimized Traditional Beef Cattle System † | Scenario I | Scenario II | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
8–12 | 8–14 | 8–12 | 8–14 | ||
Steer weaners | 100 | 100 | 100 | 75 | 75 |
S-18 | 55 | 100 | 100 | 58 | 58 |
S-28 | 45 | 13 | 13 | ||
S-30 | 4 | 4 | |||
Bull weaners | 100 | 100 | 100 | 75 | 75 |
B-16 | 7 | 10 | 8 | ||
B-18 | 44 | 7 | 7 | 47 | 47 |
B-20 | 36 | 63 | 74 | 28 | 6 |
B-22 | 13 | 20 | 11 | 22 | |
Young heifer weaners | 40 | 40 | |||
H-8 | 8 | ||||
H-10 | 32 | 3 | |||
H-12 | |||||
H-14 | NA | 37 | |||
Young steer weaners | 2 | 2 | 40 | 40 | |
S-8 | 26 | 26 | |||
S-10 | 2 | 14 | 14 | ||
S-12 | 2 | ||||
S-14 | NA | NA | |||
Young bull weaners | 10 | 10 | 40 | 40 | |
B-8 | 40 | 40 | |||
B-10 | 8 | 10 | |||
B-12 | 2 | ||||
B-14 | NA | NA | |||
Total beef cattle number | 200 | 212 | 270 | ||
Breeding ewes | 1100 | 1100 | 1100 | 1100 | 1100 |
Store lambs | 345 | 345 | 345 | 345 | 345 |
Prime lambs | 704 | 704 | 704 | 704 | 704 |
Replacement hoggets | 330 | 330 | 330 | 330 | 330 |
Rams | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
Stock unit * | 3141 | 3170 | 3173 | 3204 | 3204 |
Systems | Beef Cattle | Sheep | Total | Total per Hectare | Total per Stock Unit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NZ$ | NZ$ | NZ$ | NZ$/ha | NZ$/SU | ||
Optimized traditional beef system † | GFR | 297,700.39 | 175,820.19 | 473,520.57 | 2391.52 | 150.78 |
TFE | 207,523.49 | 73,789.22 | 281,312.71 | 1420.77 | 89.57 | |
EBT | 90,176.90 | 102,030.97 | 192,207.86 | 970.75 | 61.20 | |
Scenario I (8–12) | GFR | 291,321.51 | 175,820.19 | 467,141.69 | 2359.30 | 147.36 |
TFE | 172,114.98 | 73,789.22 | 246,522.81 | 1245.06 | 77.77 | |
EBT | 119,206.52 | 102,030.97 | 220,618.88 | 1114.24 | 69.60 | |
Scenario I (8–14) | GFR | 289,300.37 | 175,820.19 | 465,120.56 | 2349.09 | 146.59 |
TFE | 169,558.23 | 73,789.22 | 243,966.06 | 1232.15 | 76.89 | |
EBT | 119,742.15 | 102,030.97 | 221,154.51 | 1116.94 | 69.70 | |
Scenario II (8–12) | GFR | 283,556.54 | 175,820.19 | 459,376.73 | 2320.08 | 143.37 |
TFE | 148,076.59 | 73,789.22 | 222,484.42 | 1123.66 | 69.44 | |
EBT | 135,479.95 | 102,030.97 | 236,892.30 | 1196.43 | 73.93 | |
Scenario II (8–14) | GFR | 291,775.45 | 175,820.19 | 467,595.64 | 2361.59 | 145.93 |
TFE | 148,044.68 | 73,789.22 | 222,452.51 | 1123.49 | 69.43 | |
EBT | 143,730.77 | 102,030.97 | 245,143.13 | 1238.10 | 76.50 |
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Addis, A.H.; Blair, H.T.; Kenyon, P.R.; Morris, S.T.; Schreurs, N.M. Optimization of Profit for Pasture-Based Beef Cattle and Sheep Farming Using Linear Programming: Young Beef Cattle Production in New Zealand. Agriculture 2021, 11, 849. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090849
Addis AH, Blair HT, Kenyon PR, Morris ST, Schreurs NM. Optimization of Profit for Pasture-Based Beef Cattle and Sheep Farming Using Linear Programming: Young Beef Cattle Production in New Zealand. Agriculture. 2021; 11(9):849. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090849
Chicago/Turabian StyleAddis, Addisu H., Hugh T. Blair, Paul R. Kenyon, Stephen T. Morris, and Nicola M. Schreurs. 2021. "Optimization of Profit for Pasture-Based Beef Cattle and Sheep Farming Using Linear Programming: Young Beef Cattle Production in New Zealand" Agriculture 11, no. 9: 849. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090849