Feeding of Phytobiotics and Exogenous Protease in Broilers: Comparative Effect on Nutrient Digestibility, Bone Strength and Gut Morphology

Abstract

In this feeding trial, a total of 500 Cobb-500 broiler (day-old) chickens were randomly assigned to a control dietary treatment (basal diet only) or supplemented with crushed seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), black cumin (Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch) and ajwain (Carum copticum L.) (at 10 mg/kg each) and exogenous protease (30,000 IU/kg), respectively, in order to assess the effect of the diets on nutrient digestibility, bone strength and gut morphology. The results indicated that the digestibility coefficients of crude protein, crude fat, nitrogen-free extract, calcium and phosphorous were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in protease-treated birds compared to the control. The tibia bone weight was improved (p = 0.03) in Carum copticum, Coriandrum sativum and protease-supplemented birds. Bone length increased (p < 0.05) in protease and Carum copticum fed broilers, while the robusticity index decreased (p < 0.05) in all treatments. Villus length and width decreased (p < 0.05) in Carum copticum and Bunium persicum fed broilers. From findings, it was demonstrated that exogenous protease shows comparatively better results in improving bone quality, ileal digestibility and villus morphology in broilers.

1. Introduction

In modern broiler production, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters is inevitable due to their positive impacts on broiler health and production [1,2,3] However, due to certain well-known adverse effects such as antimicrobial resistance and meat residues, the use of antimicrobial drugs has been subjected to severe criticism, and their uncontrolled use has been curtailed in many developed countries of the world [4,5,6]. There is a continuous search for nonantibiotic compounds such as herbs, organic acids, probiotics, postbiotics and others to sustain growth in broilers with no side effects on the end of consumers [7,8,9,10,11]. Studies have shown that different feed additives from herbs and medicinal plants have shown increased importance due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal and digestive enzymes stimulating activities in broiler chickens [12]. Enzyme supplementation in poultry diets has been justified for nutritional, economical and environmental reasons. Enzyme access to the substrate determines the quantity of energy derived by the broiler from the plant materials. The exogenous supplementation of enzymes has several important functions such as increasing the digestion of nutrients, reducing the excretion of nitrogen to the environment and improving the performance of the broiler [11,13]. However, the results published to date are not consistent.

Coriandrum sativum (coriander) is a well-known spice among herbs. In traditional medicine, it has been used as a remedy for several diseases such as diarrhea, dyspepsia, stomach ulcer and anti-inflammatory conditions. Research reports have also documented antifungal, antioxidant, hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic effects [14]. Many important alkaloids such as linalool, pinede, terpinene, geranyl acetate, camphor and geraniol have been isolated from the essential oil of coriander [15]. Bunium persicum (black cumin) is another herbal plant well known for its antimicrobial activities [16]. It has been used as a carminative for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract such as diarrhea and dyspepsia since ancient times [17]. In addition, it has shown antimicrobial and antioxidant activities [18]. Carum copticum (ajwain) is known for correcting ailments of the digestive tract [19]. Others have reported its antibacterial and antioxidant effects, which may result in better feed utilization and enhanced growth in broilers [20]. In addition, Carum copticum has been known for some other properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmotic and antifungal. Protease, a proteolytic enzyme, is now extensively used as a supplement in broiler rations due to its well-known effects on improved nutrient digestibility. Research studies have documented higher digestibility, lower abdominal fat and enhanced bone strength in broilers in response to the exogenous supplementation of protease enzymes [2,11].

To our knowledge, few studies have compared the effect of supplementation of herbal plants and protease enzymes; therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the comparative effects of protease enzymes and different herbal plants on gut morphology, ileal digestibility and bone strength in broilers.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Ethical Statement

This study has been approved by the Ethical Committee on Animal Rights and Welfare, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar.

2.2. Broiler Management

A total of 500 Cobb-500 broiler chickens (day-old) were randomly distributed into five dietary treatments (100 birds/treatment) and five replicates (20 birds/replicate) in a completely randomized design as follows: one group was fed a basal diet consisting of a corn–soybean meal as the control, while the other groups were supplemented with a fine powder of the seeds of Carum copticum, Coriandrum sativum and Bunium persicum at the rate of 10 mg/kg per diet each. The fifth group was supplemented with protease enzyme at the rate of 30,000 IU/kg diet (Ronozyme^®, Basel, Switzerland). The basal diets consisting of starter and finisher phases were provided to birds according to the NRC [21], as shown in

Table 1. Composition and chemical composition of the basal diets.

Ingredients, %	Starter Phase	Finisher Phase
Corn	55.50	56.01
Soybean meal (44% CP)	27.40	26.52
Canola meal	6.51	6.00
Sunflower meal	3.21	3.51
Vegetable oil	1.82	1.93
Molasses	1.00	1.00
Dicalcium phosphate	1.91	1.92
Limestone	1.00	1.00
NaCl	1.00	1.00
NAHCO3	0.21	0.21
Vitamin–mineral premix 1	0.31	0.31
Chemical composition
ME, kcal/kg	3000	3150
Crude protein, %	23.50	21.30
Methionine, %	0.55	0.44
Lysine, %	1.42	1.23
Sulfur amino acids, %	0.96	0.80
Threonine, %	0.95	0.85
Calcium, %	1.05	0.90
Phosphorus, %	0.50	0.45

¹ Vitamin–mineral premix contains in the following per kg: vitamin A, 2,400,000 IU; vitamin D, 1,000,000 IU; vitamin E, 16,000 IU; vitamin K, 800 mg; vitamin B1, 600 mg; vitamin B₂, 1600 mg; vitamin B₆, 1000 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 6 mg; niacin, 8000 mg; folic acid, 400 mg; pantothenic acid, 3000 mg; biotin 40 mg; antioxidant, 3000 mg; cobalt, 80 mg; copper, 2000 mg; iodine, 400; iron, 1200 mg; manganese, 18,000 mg; selenium, 60 mg, and zinc, 14,000 mg.

. The feed supplements were mixed in a small quantity of a meshed basal diet of their respective groups, and it was ensured that the supplements were completely consumed by the birds. The supplements were added to the diets starting from the second week of the experiment until the fifth week of age. Broilers were reared on the floor at a density rate of 9.5 birds/m². During brooding, the room temperature was set at 35 ± 2 °C and then gradually brought to a normal temperature of 25 ± 2 °C. The proximate analysis and chemical composition of the medicinal plants are given in

Table 2. Proximate analysis and chemical composition of seeds of Coriandrum sativum, Bunium persicum and Carum copticum (per 100 g sample w/w).

Ingredients	Coriandrum sativum	Bunium persicum	Carum copticum
Crude fat, g	9.31	10.32	18.3
Crude protein, g	13.56	12.54	15.3
Crude fiber, g	35.78	22.33	11.8
Vitamins
Vitamin C, mg	28	14	17
Vitamin E, mg	2.4	1.8	2.2
Vitamin A, µg	335	231	189
Vitamin B complex, mg	2.1	1.5	1.8
Vitamin K, µg	313	213	145
Minerals
Calcium, mg	63	23	1.43
Iron, mg	1.33	2.3	14.2
Magnesium, mg	0.45	0.9	1.1
Phosphorous, mg	45	12	0.32
Potassium, mg	531	123	302
Sodium, mg	45	32	12
Zinc, mg	0.49	1.2	0.98

.

2.3. Apparent Ileal Digestibility

For the determination of apparent ileal digestibility, chromium oxide (5 g/kg) was mixed as the inert compound three days before the end of the experiment. Fecal samples were collected and stored at a refrigerated temperature until analysis. The apparent ileal digestibility of the broilers was determined by randomly selecting three birds from each replicate and subjected them to slaughtering with a sharp knife. After removing the skin, the abdomen was opened, and ileal digesta were collected. Digesta were dried, sampled then analyzed for apparent nutrient digestibility as described by the AOAC [22] using the following formula:

$$Apparent Ileal Digestibility = 100 -\frac{\mathrm{conc}. \mathrm{of} \mathrm{marker} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{feed} }{\mathrm{conc}. \mathrm{of} \mathrm{marker} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{digesta} }\times \frac{\mathrm{conc}. \mathrm{of} \mathrm{nutrient} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{digesta} }{\mathrm{conc}. \mathrm{of} \mathrm{nutrient} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{feed}}\times 100\left[0,1\right]$$

(1)

Samples were also analyzed for calcium and phosphorus using atomic absorption and a spectrophotometer, respectively. The samples were prepared as described by Khan et al. [23]. Briefly, about 1 g of ileal digesta was taken in a conical flask and mixed with 5 mL of perchloric acid. The mixture was heated until the fumes were flown away and then allowed to cool. The mixture was again mixed with 5 mL of nitric oxide and the mixture was heated. Distilled water was added to the mixture to make a final volume of 10 mL.

2.4. Ileal Morphology

Three birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered and defeathered. The abdomen was opened, and the ileum was identified. A piece about 1 cm² was separated from the ileum and then preserved in 10% formalin followed by paraffin embedding. Slides were prepared following staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Slide samples were analyzed at 10× under a microscope (Olympus, NV, Aartselaar, Belgium) for villus dimensions as described by Abudabos et al. [5]. The distance between the tip and base was considered the height of the papilla, and the width was taken as the average width of the tip, middle portion and base of the papilla. Papilla surface area was calculated using the formula:

[2 × (W/2) × L], where W = papilla width and L = papilla length.

(2)

2.5. Bone Quality

Right tibia bones were collected from the slaughtered birds and boiled at 100 °C for 8 min followed by air drying. The bones were weighed using a digital balance. Other parameters were determined using the following formula:

Weight/length = weight (mg)/length (mm)

(3)

Robusticity index = bone length (mm)/cube root of bone weight (mg)

(4)

Tibiotarsal index = (diaphysis diameter–medullary canal diameter/diaphysis diameter) × 100

(5)

2.6. Statistical Analysis

The investigated different parameters were analyzed through ANOVA using the GLM procedure (SPSS 16.0 software, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Treatment means were ranked with the help of Tukey’s test as a post-hoc test at p ≤ 0.05.

3. Results

The effect of Carum copticum, Coriandrum sativum, Bunium persicum and the protease enzyme on apparent ileal nutrient digestibility is given in

Table 3. Effect of adding herbal plant feed additives and protease on apparent ileal nutrient digestibility (%) in broilers.

Item	Control	Carum copticum	Coriandrum sativum	Bunium persicum	Protease Enzyme	Pooled SEM	p Value
Dry Matter	65.5	65.7	65.6	66.0	65.2	3.54	0.68
Ash	43.8	43.2	43.6	43.4	43.6	2.78	0.06
Crude Protein	69.8 b	70.7 ab	72.2 ab	67.6 b	74.2 a	1.56	<0.01
Crude Fat	82.1 b	82.8 b	85.0 a	80.7 b	85.9 a	4.21	<0.01
Nitrogen-Free Extract	80.9 b	81.3 b	83.6 a	79.9 b	84.0 a	6.54	<0.01
Calcium	31.5 b	31.6 b	32.4 ab	30.3 b	33.3 a	1.22	<0.01
Phosphorus	31.9 b	31.4 b	31.9 b	29.3 b	34.2 a	3.22	<0.01

^a,b: Means having different superscripts in the same row show a significant difference (p < 0.05). SEM: standard error of means.

. No significant difference was found in the digestibility of dry matter and ash between the control and other treatment groups. The results indicated that the digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, nitrogen-free extract and calcium were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in protease-treated birds compared to the control.

The results of Carum copticum, Coriandrum sativum, Bunium persicum and protease on bone quality are given in

Table 4. Effect of addition of herbal plant feed additives and protease on bone characteristics in broilers.

Item	Control	Carum copticum	Coriandrum sativum	Bunium persicum	Protease Enzyme	Pooled SEM	p Value
Bone weight (g)	6.36 b	6.88 ab	8.16 a	6.84 b	7.42 a	0.322	0.03
Bone length (mm)	88.9 b	89.5 ab	88.4 b	88.1 b	91.2 a	0.801	0.05
W/L index	248	253	252	251	250	1.666	0.07
Robusticity index	5.02 a	4.74 b	4.36 b	4.81 b	4.61 b	0.093	0.04
Tibio-tarsal index	33.7	33.1	34.0	34.7	32.5	0.782	0.06

^a,b: Means having different superscripts in the same row show a significant difference (p < 0.05). SEM: standard error of means.

. Bone weight was improved (p < 0.05) in Coriandrum sativum and protease-supplemented birds. The bone length was significantly (p = 0.05) increased in protease and Carum copticum supplemented birds, while the robusticity index decreased (p < 0.05) in all the supplemented birds. The tibiotarsal index did not change (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments.

The effect of Carum copticum, Coriandrum sativum, Bunium persicum and protease enzyme on the villus histology is given in

Table 5. Effect of adding herbal plant feed additives and protease in feed on ileum morphology in broilers.

Item	Control	Carum copticum	Coriandrum sativum	Bunium persicum	Protease Enzyme	Pooled SEM	p Value
Villus length (µm)	448.23 a	413.78 b	436.89 ab	429.66 b	436.11 ab	0.061	0.02
Villus width (µm)	130.44 ab	100.9 b	140.12 a	0110.54 b	130.65 a	0.012	0.03
Crypt depth (µm)	250.12	240.34	240.33	250.12	230.17	0.012	0.07
Lamina propria (µm)	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.001	0.06
VL/CD	1.79	1.72	1.81	1.71	1.89	0.345	0.09
Villus surface area (mm2)	0.61	0.57	0.60	0.56	0.59	0.044	0.06

^a,b: Means having different superscripts in the same row show a significant difference (p < 0.05). SEM: standard error of means; VL/CD, villus length to crypt depth ratio.

. Villus length and width decreased (p < 0.05) in Carum copticum and Bunium persicum fed broilers, whereas the other investigated parameters such as crypt depth, lamina propria and the villus length to crypt depth ratio were not changed (p > 0.05).

4. Discussion and Conclusions

Available reports have provided conflicting results in relation to the effects on growth, histological features, blood metabolites and digestibility in response to the dietary supplementation of Coriandrum sativum, Carum copticum, Bunium persicum and exogenous protease enzymes in broiler chickens [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. The differences in the results on these parameters have been mainly linked to the antinutritional factors, feed composition and environmental stressors, broiler strain, dose and duration of supplementations [33]. The obtained findings on the apparent nutrient digestibility in broilers in response to the different feed additives were not consistent. In this regard, crude protein digestibility was significantly improved in protease enzyme supplementation compared to the control and B. persicum. Moreover, crude fat and nitrogen-free extract coefficients were improved in Coriandrum sativum and protease-enzyme-supplemented birds. Similarly, calcium was significantly improved in protease and Coriandrum sativum supplemented birds; however, phosphorous was significantly improved in the protease-supplemented group. Carum copticum has been reported for many medicinal properties due to the presence of several bioactive compounds such as limonene, myrcene, b-pinene, p-cymene and γ-terpinene. Seeds of Carum copticum have a significant role in digestive disorders and liver diseases. Similarly, Bunium persicum has a number of important compounds such as cuminaldehyde, b-pinene, 4-dien-7-algamma-terpinene and p-mentha-1. A mixture of Carum copticum and Bunium persicum in different concentrations (10 mg/kg) has been previously reported to improve the apparent nutrient digestibility in broilers [32]. Improved crude protein and fat digestibility have also been reported recently by Shuaib et al. [8] in response to 0.5% Bunium persicum in broilers, although other parameters for nutrients digestibility were not affected. In the current study, enhanced results were found for digestibility indices in response to protease supplementation compared to the other treatments. Improved digestibility of nutrients has been reported in broilers in response to protease supplementation [11]. The plausible reasons for the positive effects of protease have been attributed to reduced antinutritional factors, protein digestibility and the modification of intestinal microflora. Enhanced digestibility in herbal-plant-fed broilers could be due to the stimulation of digestive enzyme secretion in response to the supplementations. In addition, improved bone measurements and histological features may also be due to enhanced digestibility indices in broilers fed with protease enzyme.

In the current study, bone weight was increased significantly in Coriandrum sativum and protease-enzyme-supplemented birds compared to the control. Few studies have evaluated bone strength in response to enzyme and medicinal plant supplementation. Recently, Hafeez et al. [32] did not find any significant effect on bone weight in broilers supplemented with a mixture of Bunium persicum, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Carum copticum. Leg problems are economically important in broiler production due to their fast growth since the bones in these animals are not as strong as in local breeds. In the current study, the significant increase in bone weight in protease-enzyme-supplemented birds may correlate with the weight gain in these birds or can be attributed to better bone mineralization. Similarly, bone length increased significantly in protease and Carum copticum supplemented birds compared to the control. In a similar study, Hafeez et al. [2] did not find significant differences in bone length in broilers supplemented with a Carum copticum, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Bunium persicum mixture at the rate of 1.5, 3 and 4.5 g/kg. It seems that dose levels are highly important in determining the effects of the medicinal plants in broilers. The robusticity index was decreased significantly in the treatment group. A lower robusticity index indicates stronger bone. Unlike our results, Hafeez et al. [32] did not find any significant difference in bone quality and strength index in broilers fed with Carum copticum, Bunium persicum and fenugreek.

In the current study, villus length and villus width decreased significantly in Carum copticum and Bunium persicum supplemented birds. Histological features of the intestine were comparatively improved in Coriandrum sativum and protease-enzyme-supplemented birds. Previously, Alam et al. [34] reported improved villus dimensions in Japanese quails supplemented with phytase enzyme. Similar findings were reported in an experiment on broilers fed with C. copticum, T. foenum-graecum and B. persicum [2,35]. In the published literature, there are scarce reports on the effects of musculoskeletal and histological features in response to herbal and protease feed additives in broilers. Therefore, we cannot ascertain the exact mechanism through which the feed additives modulate these parameters in broilers. From the published data on weight gain [32], it seems that the improved bone strength and villus dimensions are correlated to the enhanced weight gain in these birds in their respective groups.

Based on the findings, it was concluded that compared to phytobiotics, the effect of protease enzyme has comparatively better effects on nutrient digestibility and bone quality in broilers. However, histological features are partially improved in the protease-supplemented group compared to the phytobiotics.