Can Adenosine Fight COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. COVID19 Pathogenesis, Mitochondrial Dynamism and Immune Response
3. Cytokine Storm
Current COVID-19 and Cytokine Storm Therapeutic Strategies
4. Adenosine
4.1. Subtypes of Adenosine Receptors (AR)
4.2. Adenosine in the Treatment of Lung Injury
5. Clinical Case
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ARDS | Acute respiratory distress syndrome |
IL | Interleukin |
TCZ | Tocilizumab |
JAK | Janus kinase inhibitors |
A2AR | A2A receptor |
MOF | Multi organ failure |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
hCoV | Human coronavirus |
DRP | Dynamin-related proteins |
PINK-1 | Phosphatase and tensin homolog - induced kinase 1 |
RIG-I | Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 |
RLRs | RIG-I-like receptors |
MAVS | Mitochondrial associated antiviral signaling protein |
CARDs | Caspase recruitment domains |
NFkB | Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
ORF | Open reading frame |
INF | Interferon |
TRAF | TNF receptor associated factor |
PMN | Polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
ADP | Adenosine diphosphate |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
AMP | Adenosine monophosphate |
CD | Cluster of differentiation |
ALI | Acute lung injury |
AR | Adenosine receptors |
CXCL1-3 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 |
T Regs | Regulatory T cells |
PPARγ | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ |
ACE2 | Angiotensin-converting enzyme |
EAT | Epicardial fat |
GOM | Great Metropolitan Bianchi Melacrino Morelli |
CT | Computed tomography |
RUB | Right upper lobe |
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Parameters | Time | ||
---|---|---|---|
Admission | Baseline | 120 h | |
RBC (x106/μL) | 5.12 | 4.8 | 4.54 |
HGB (g/dL) | 16.2 | 14.8 | 13.8 |
PLT (x103/μL) | 132 | 301 | 185 |
WBC (x103/μL) | 2.74 | 4.32 | 3.33 |
NEU (x103/μL) | 2.14 | 2.93 | 1.85 |
LYMPH (x103/μL) | 0,39 | 0.9 | 0.95 |
CRP (μg/dL) | 52.4 | 3.14 | 3.14 |
D-DIMER (µg/L) | 220 | 290 | 50 |
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Falcone, C.; Caracciolo, M.; Correale, P.; Macheda, S.; Vadalà, E.G.; La Scala, S.; Tescione, M.; Danieli, R.; Ferrarelli, A.; Tarsitano, M.G.; et al. Can Adenosine Fight COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3045. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093045
Falcone C, Caracciolo M, Correale P, Macheda S, Vadalà EG, La Scala S, Tescione M, Danieli R, Ferrarelli A, Tarsitano MG, et al. Can Adenosine Fight COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):3045. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093045
Chicago/Turabian StyleFalcone, Carmela, Massimo Caracciolo, Pierpaolo Correale, Sebastiano Macheda, Eugenio Giuseppe Vadalà, Stefano La Scala, Marco Tescione, Roberta Danieli, Anna Ferrarelli, Maria Grazia Tarsitano, and et al. 2020. "Can Adenosine Fight COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 3045. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093045