Plasma C-Peptide and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in the General Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Laboratory Measurements
2.4. Outcome Definition
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Cross-Sectional Associations
3.3. Plasma C-Peptide and Type 2 Diabetes
3.4. Secondary Analyses on C-Peptide and Type 2 Diabetes
3.5. Sensitivity Analyses on C-Peptide and Type 2 Diabetes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sex-Specific Tertiles of C-Peptide pmol/L | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | <642 | 642–890 | >890 | p value for trend * | |
Female | <592 | 592–803 | >803 | ||
Participants, n | 1723 | 1725 | 1728 | ||
Female, (%) | 50.3% | 50% | 50.3% | 0.986 | |
Age | 48.7 ± 10.6 | 52.3 ± 11.4 | 56.5 ± 11 | <0.001 | |
Race, white (%) | 99 | 99.1 | 99.5 | 0.123 | |
The family history of diabetes (%) | 13.8 | 17.6 | 21.8 | <0.001 | |
Smoking status, | |||||
Never (%) | 34.3 | 29.6 | 26.1 | <0.001 | |
Current (%) | 27.0 | 28.4 | 25.3 | ||
Former (%) | 38.7 | 42.0 | 48.6 | ||
Alcohol consumption, | |||||
none (%) | 18.9 | 22.6 | 28.9 | <0.001 | |
1–4 units per month (%) | 15.8 | 18.2 | 17.8 | ||
2–7 units per week (%) | 35.3 | 32.7 | 29.2 | ||
1–3 units per day (%) | 25.2 | 22.9 | 19.8 | ||
>3 units per day (%) | 4.8 | 3.5 | 4.4 | ||
Gestational Diabetes (%) | 1.0 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 0.337 | |
Length (cm) | 174 ± 9 | 173 ± 9 | 171 ± 9 | <0.001 | |
Weight (kg) | 72.9 ± 11.3 | 78.5 ± 12.3 | 86.7 ± 15.1 | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 2.7 | 26.1 ± 3.2 | 29.3 ± 4.3 | <0.001 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.9 ± 15.8 | 124.1 ± 17 | 131.7 ± 18.2 | <0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.3 ± 8.7 | 73.1 ± 8.6 | 75.8 ± 8.6 | <0.001 | |
Use of antihypertensive medication (%) | 6.5 | 12.2 | 27.3 | <0.001 | |
Hypertension (%) | 14.7 | 23.4 | 44.3 | <0.001 | |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.4±1 | 5.6±1 | <0.001 | |
HDL-cholestrerol (mmol/L) | 1.37 ± 0.30 | 1.26 ± 0.26 | 1.15 ± 0.27 | <0.001 | |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.85 (0.64–1.11) | 1.08 (0.83–1.49) | 1.47 (1.08–2.03) | <0.001 | |
Use of lipid-lowering medication (%) | 3 | 6.7 | 14.2 | <0.001 | |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 5 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | |
Insulin (mU/L) | 5.2 (4.2–6.6) | 7.8 (6.5–9.5) | 13.1 (10.3–17.9) | <0.001 | |
HOMA-IR ((mU mmol/l2)/22.5) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
Plasma ASAT (U/L) | 22 (19–25) | 22 (19–26) | 24 (20–28) | <0.001 | |
Plasma ALAT (U/L) | 15 (12–20) | 17 (12–23) | 21 (15–29) | <0.001 | |
Plasma urea (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 99.1 ± 13.7 | 94.1 ± 15.4 | 86.9 ± 17.3 | <0.001 | |
UAE (mg/24 h) | 7.52 (5.73–11.15) | 8.26 (6.00–13.27) | 10.19 (6.56–20.91) | <0.001 |
Sex Specific Tertiles of Plasma C-Peptide, pmol/L | C-Peptide Per Log2 Unit Increase | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | <642 | 642–890 | >890 | p value | ||
Female | <592 1 | 592–803 2 | >803 3 | |||
Cases | 19 | 57 | 213 | 289 | ||
Person-years | 11,860 | 11,643 | 10,756 | 34,260 | <0.001 | |
Crude analysis | 1.00 (ref) | 3.05 (1.81–5.13) | 12.45 (7.78–19.91) | 6.09 (5.05–7.36) | <0.001 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 2.83 (1.68–4.77) | 10.77 (6.69–17.33) | 5.47 (4.48–6.68) | <0.001 | |
Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 2.78 (1.65–4.68) | 10.41 (4.46–16.75) | 5.38 (4.35–6.51) | <0.001 | |
Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 2.16 (1.28–3.66) | 5.21 (3.15–8.61) | 3.47 (2.72–4.43) | <0.001 | |
Model 4 | 1.00 (ref) | 2.01 (1.16–3.50) | 3.97 (2.30–6.85) | 2.90 (2.20–3.80) | <0.001 | |
Model 5 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.93 (1.1–3.37) | 3.75 (2.16–6.52) | 3.26 (2.42–4.36) | <0.001 | |
Model 6 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.65 (0.94–2.89) | 2.40 (1.32–4.36) | 2.35 (1.49–3.70) | <0.001 |
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Sokooti, S.; Kieneker, L.M.; Borst, M.H.d.; Muller Kobold, A.; Kootstra-Ros, J.E.; Gloerich, J.; van Gool, A.J.; Heerspink, H.J.L.; T Gansevoort, R.; Dullaart, R.P.F.; et al. Plasma C-Peptide and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in the General Population. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3001. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093001
Sokooti S, Kieneker LM, Borst MHd, Muller Kobold A, Kootstra-Ros JE, Gloerich J, van Gool AJ, Heerspink HJL, T Gansevoort R, Dullaart RPF, et al. Plasma C-Peptide and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in the General Population. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):3001. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093001
Chicago/Turabian StyleSokooti, Sara, Lyanne M. Kieneker, Martin H. de Borst, Anneke Muller Kobold, Jenny E. Kootstra-Ros, Jolein Gloerich, Alain J. van Gool, Hiddo J. Lambers Heerspink, Ron T Gansevoort, Robin P.F. Dullaart, and et al. 2020. "Plasma C-Peptide and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in the General Population" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 3001. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093001