Is There an Association between Diabetes and Neck and Back Pain? Results of a Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Setting and Participants
2.2. Main Outcomes Measures
2.3. Matched Case Control Design
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Categories | No Diabetes | Diabetes | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
Gender | Female | 1056 | 50.4 | 1056 | 50.4 | NA |
Age groups | 15–59 years | 233 | 11.1 | 233 | 11.1 | NA |
60–69 years | 1093 | 52.2 | 1093 | 52.2 | ||
70 years or over | 769 | 36.7 | 769 | 36.7 | ||
Educational level | No studies/primary | 1474 | 70.4 | 1668 | 79.6 | <0.001 |
Secondary | 255 | 12.2 | 222 | 10.6 | ||
High education | 366 | 17.5 | 205 | 9.8 | ||
Living with a partner | Yes | 1176 | 56.1 | 1163 | 55.5 | 0.686 |
Self-rated health | Fair/poor/very poor | 1007 | 48.1 | 1397 | 66.7 | <0.001 |
Very good/good | 1088 | 51.9 | 698 | 33.3 | ||
Limitations for usual activities a | Yes | 877 | 41.9 | 1173 | 56.0 | <0.001 |
Asthma | Yes | 88 | 4.2 | 158 | 7.5 | <0.001 |
COPD | Yes | 154 | 7.4 | 214 | 10. | <0.001 |
Heart disease b | Yes | 273 | 13.0 | 423 | 20.2 | <0.001 |
Stroke | Yes | 26 | 1.2 | 51 | 2.4 | 0.004 |
Cancer | Yes | 75 | 3.6 | 81 | 3.9 | 0.624 |
High blood pressure | Yes | 837 | 40.0 | 1296 | 61. | <0.001 |
Mental disorders c | Yes | 294 | 14.0 | 396 | 18.9 | <0.001 |
Migraine or frequent headache | Yes | 156 | 7.4 | 185 | 8.8 | 0.101 |
Body mass index d | <25 | 770 | 36.8 | 551 | 26.3 | <0.001 |
25–29.9 | 886 | 42.4 | 834 | 39.9 | ||
≥30 | 434 | 20.8 | 707 | 33.8 | ||
Physical exercise e | 0–3 days | 312 | 32.8 | 323 | 34.0 | 0.593 |
4–7 days | 638 | 67.2 | 627 | 66.0 | ||
Tobacco use | Never | 1091 | 52.2 | 1059 | 50.6 | 0.168 |
Ex-smoker | 664 | 31.8 | 721 | 34.4 | ||
Current smoker | 336 | 16.1 | 314 | 15.0 | ||
Alcohol consumption f | Yes | 804 | 38.5 | 635 | 30.3 | <0.001 |
Pain intensity g | Light | 506 | 42.8 | 512 | 36.5 | <0.001 |
Moderate | 423 | 35.8 | 486 | 34.6 | ||
Severe/extreme | 252 | 21.3 | 405 | 28.9 | ||
Use of pain medication h | Yes | 776 | 44.5 | 981 | 47.6 | 0.052 |
Chronic neck pain | Yes | 464 | 22.1 | 572 | 27.3 | <0.001 |
Chronic low back pain | Yes | 607 | 29.0 | 730 | 34.8 | <0.001 |
Chronic neck and low back pains | Yes | 348 | 16.6 | 443 | 21.1 | <0.001 |
Chronic Neck Pain | Chronic Low Back Pain | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Diabetes | Diabetes | No Diabetes | Diabetes | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Gender c,d | Male a,b | 152 | 14.6 | 176 | 16.9 | 226 | 21.8 | 261 | 25.1 |
Female a,b | 312 | 29.5 | 396 | 37.5 | 381 | 36.1 | 469 | 44.4 | |
Age groups c,d | 15–59 years a,b | 29 | 12.4 | 50 | 21.5 | 33 | 14.2 | 54 | 23.2 |
60–69 years a,b | 222 | 20.3 | 276 | 25.3 | 304 | 27.8 | 387 | 35.4 | |
70 years or over a,b | 213 | 27.7 | 246 | 32.0 | 270 | 35.1 | 289 | 37.6 | |
Educational level c,d | No studies/primary a,b | 365 | 24.8 | 490 | 29.4 | 473 | 32.1 | 618 | 37.1 |
Secondary a,b | 47 | 18.4 | 39 | 17.6 | 56 | 22.0 | 60 | 27.0 | |
High education a,b | 52 | 14.2 | 43 | 21.0 | 78 | 21.3 | 52 | 25.4 | |
Living with a partner c,d | No a,b | 233 | 25.4 | 292 | 31.3 | 307 | 33.4 | 341 | 36.6 |
Yes a,b | 231 | 19.6 | 280 | 24.1 | 300 | 25.5 | 389 | 33.4 | |
Concomitant chronic neck pain c,d | No b | NA | - | NA | - | 259 | 15.9 | 287 | 18.8 |
Yes b | NA | - | NA | - | 348 | 75.0 | 443 | 77.4 | |
Concomitant chronic low back pain c,d | No | 116 | 7.8 | 129 | 9.5 | NA | - | NA | - |
Yes a | 348 | 57.3 | 443 | 60.7 | NA | - | NA | - | |
Pain intensity c,d | Light | 100 | 19.8 | 101 | 19.7 | 143 | 28.3 | 140 | 27.3 |
Moderate | 158 | 37.4 | 179 | 36.8 | 213 | 50.4 | 236 | 48.6 | |
Severe/extreme | 146 | 57.9 | 232 | 57.3 | 167 | 66.3 | 271 | 66.9 | |
Use of pain medication c,d | No | 132 | 13.6 | 153 | 14.2 | 186 | 19.2 | 205 | 19.0 |
Yes a,b | 313 | 40.3 | 413 | 42.1 | 393 | 50.6 | 518 | 52.8 | |
Migraine or frequent headache c,d | No a,b | 388 | 20.0 | 464 | 24.3 | 521 | 26.9 | 610 | 31.9 |
Yes a,b | 76 | 48.7 | 108 | 58.4 | 86 | 55.1 | 120 | 64.9 |
Chronic Neck Pain | Chronic Low Back Pain | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Diabetes | Diabetes | No Diabetes | Diabetes | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Self-rated health c,d | Fair/poor/very poor | 355 | 35.3 | 480 | 34.4 | 454 | 45.1 | 617 | 44.2 |
Very good/good a,b | 109 | 10.0 | 92 | 13.2 | 153 | 14.1 | 113 | 16.2 | |
Limitations for usual activities c,d | No a,b | 140 | 11.5 | 140 | 15.2 | 209 | 17.2 | 182 | 19.7 |
Yes | 324 | 36.9 | 432 | 36.8 | 398 | 45.4 | 548 | 46.7 | |
Asthma c,d | No a,b | 440 | 21.9 | 500 | 25.8 | 579 | 28.8 | 639 | 33.0 |
Yes a,b | 24 | 27.3 | 72 | 45.6 | 28 | 31.8 | 91 | 57.6 | |
COPD c,d | No a,b | 411 | 21.2 | 485 | 25.8 | 547 | 28.2 | 617 | 32.8 |
Yes a,b | 53 | 34.4 | 87 | 40.7 | 60 | 39.0 | 113 | 52.8 | |
Heart disease c,d | No a,b | 379 | 20.8 | 426 | 25.5 | 508 | 27.9 | 546 | 32.7 |
Yes a,b | 85 | 31.1 | 146 | 34.5 | 99 | 36.3 | 184 | 43.5 | |
Stroke | No a,b | 456 | 22.0 | 556 | 27.2 | 596 | 28.8 | 711 | 34.8 |
Yes b | 8 | 30.8 | 16 | 31.4 | 11 | 42.3 | 19 | 37.3 | |
Cancer c,d | No a,b | 441 | 21.8 | 541 | 26.9 | 583 | 28.9 | 688 | 34.2 |
Yes a,b | 23 | 30.7 | 31 | 38.3 | 24 | 32.0 | 42 | 51.9 | |
High blood pressure c,d | No a,b | 240 | 19.1 | 192 | 24.0 | 308 | 24.5 | 234 | 29.3 |
Yes a,b | 224 | 26.8 | 380 | 29.3 | 299 | 35.7 | 496 | 38.3 | |
Mental disorders c,d | No a,b | 327 | 18.2 | 381 | 22.4 | 449 | 24.9 | 511 | 30.1 |
Yes a,b | 137 | 46.6 | 191 | 48.2 | 158 | 53.7 | 219 | 55.3 | |
Body mass index c,d | <25 a,b | 159 | 20.6 | 154 | 27.9 | 188 | 24.4 | 186 | 33.8 |
25–29.9 a,b | 190 | 21.4 | 193 | 23.1 | 262 | 29.6 | 261 | 31.3 | |
≥30 a,b | 113 | 26.0 | 225 | 31.8 | 156 | 35.9 | 283 | 40.1 | |
Physical exercise c,d | 0–3 days a,b | 63 | 20.2 | 83 | 25.7 | 84 | 26.9 | 116 | 35.9 |
4–7 days a,b | 104 | 16.3 | 140 | 22.3 | 137 | 21.5 | 182 | 29.0 | |
Tobacco use c,d | Never a,b | 282 | 25.8 | 342 | 32.3 | 363 | 33.3 | 418 | 39.5 |
Ex-smoker a,b | 126 | 19.0 | 161 | 22.3 | 169 | 25.5 | 208 | 28.8 | |
Current smoker a,b | 55 | 16.4 | 69 | 22.0 | 74 | 22.0 | 104 | 33.1 | |
Alcohol consumption c,d | No a,b | 313 | 24.3 | 452 | 31.0 | 420 | 32.6 | 556 | 38.1 |
Yes b | 150 | 18.7 | 119 | 18.7 | 186 | 23.1 | 172 | 27.1 |
Chronic Neck Pain | Chronic Low Back Pain | ||
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Age groups | 15–59 years | NS | 1 |
60–69 years | NS | 1.47 (1.01 to 1.98) | |
70 years or over | NS | 1.87 (1.37 to 2.58) | |
Gender | Male | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.79 (1.32 to 2.42) | 1.37 (1.01 to 1.86) | |
Self-rated health | Very good/good | 1 | 1 |
Fair/poor/very poor | 1.69 (1.16 to 2.47) | 2.24 (1.62 to 3.11) | |
Limitations for usual activities | No | NS | 1 |
Yes | NS | 1.56 (1.11 to 2.18) | |
Use of pain medication | No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 2.06 (1.49 to 2.82) | 2.00 (1.50 to 2.67) | |
Mental disorder | No | 1 | NS |
Yes | 1.48 (1.04 to 2.13) | NS | |
Migraine or frequent headache | No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.91 (1.23 to 2.97) | 1.59 (1.04 to 2.56) | |
Body mass index | <25 | NS | 1 |
25–29.9 | NS | NS | |
≥30 | NS | 1.33 (1.17 to 1.53) | |
Concomitant chronic neck pain | No | NIM | 1 |
Yes | NIM | 10.46 (7.72 to 14.17) | |
Concomitant chronic low back pain | No | 1 | NIM |
Yes | 10.46 (7.72 to 14.17) | NIM |
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Lima Florencio, L.; Lopez-de-Andres, A.; Hernández-Barrera, V.; Palacios-Ceña, D.; Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C.; Jimenez-Garcia, R.; Perez-Farinos, N.; Carabantes-Alarcon, D.; Martinez-Hernandez, D.; Albaladejo-Vicente, R. Is There an Association between Diabetes and Neck and Back Pain? Results of a Case-Control Study. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092867
Lima Florencio L, Lopez-de-Andres A, Hernández-Barrera V, Palacios-Ceña D, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Jimenez-Garcia R, Perez-Farinos N, Carabantes-Alarcon D, Martinez-Hernandez D, Albaladejo-Vicente R. Is There an Association between Diabetes and Neck and Back Pain? Results of a Case-Control Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092867
Chicago/Turabian StyleLima Florencio, Lidiane, Ana Lopez-de-Andres, Valentin Hernández-Barrera, Domingo Palacios-Ceña, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Rodrigo Jimenez-Garcia, Napoleon Perez-Farinos, David Carabantes-Alarcon, David Martinez-Hernandez, and Romana Albaladejo-Vicente. 2020. "Is There an Association between Diabetes and Neck and Back Pain? Results of a Case-Control Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092867