GlycA Levels during the Earliest Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential Use as a Biomarker of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Carotid Ultrasound Imaging
2.3. Glycoprotein Profiling
2.4. Lipoprotein Characterization
2.5. Serum Glycosyltransferase Activity
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. GlycA and GlycB Are Increased in Early RA Patients
3.2. GlycA, Traditional CV Risk Factors, and Glucose Homeostasis in Early RA
3.3. GlycA and Subclinical CV Disease in Early RA
3.4. GlycA as a Biomarker of Treatment Outcome in Early RA Patients
3.5. GlycA Levels Are Associated with Serum Glycosyltransferase Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | CSA n = 14 | RA n = 82 |
---|---|---|
Age (years), mean ± SD | 49.28 ± 10.53 | 58.51 ± 10.49 |
Sex (women/men) | 14/0 | 66/16 |
Clinical features | ||
Duration of symptoms (weeks) | 24.00 (40.00) | 20.00 (22.00) |
Morning stiffness (minutes) | 30.00 (50.00) | 60.00 (80.0) |
Tender joint count | 3.00 (3.00) | 8.00 (7.00) |
Swollen joint count | 0.00 (1.00) | 6.00 (5.00) |
ESR (mm/h) | 7.50 (8.84) | 24.00 (27.00) |
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.15 (0.30) | 0.80 (2.20) |
Patient global assessment (VAS 0–100) | 30.00 (50.00) | 70.00 (25.00) |
Pain assessment (VAS 0–10) | 5.00 (5.00) | 7.00 (2.00) |
DAS28 | 5.40 (1.78) | |
SDAI | 24.22 (16.90) | |
HAQ | 0.55 (0.60) | 1.11 (1.00) |
Fatigue (VAS 0–10) | 4.50 (5.00) | 5.00 (7.00) |
RF+, n (%) | 8 (66.6) | 57 (69.5) |
ACPA+, n (%) | 7 (58.3) | 56 (68.2) |
Traditional CV risk factors | ||
Hypertension, n (%) | 1 (12.5) | 28 (34.11) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (10.9) |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 3 (37.5) | 24 (29.2) |
Smoking, n (%) | 10 (71.4) | 31 (27.8) |
Obesity, n (%) | 3 (37.5) | 33 (40.2) |
Waist circumference | 92.00 (16.00) | 101.00 (20.00) |
Glucose homeostasis features | ||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 98.00 (19.00) | 92.00 (10.00) |
Insulin (U/mL) | 7.87 (4.57) | 10.10 (11.80) |
C-peptide (ng/mL) | 2.10 (1.4) | 2.79 (1.6) |
HOMA-IR | 1.00 (0.60) | 1.30 (1.38) |
QUICKI | 0.36 (0.02) | 0.33 (0.05) |
Subclinical atherosclerosis (n = 92) | n = 13 | n = 79 |
cIMT (mm) | 0.58 ± 0.15 | 0.67 ± 0.10 |
Plaque presence, n (%) | 4 (30.7) | 46 (58.2) |
Plaque number | 0.46 ± 0.87 | 0.96 ± 1.01 |
Plaque presence or cIMT > 0.90, n (%) | 4 (30.7) | 47 (59.6) |
High-risk plaque | 0 (0.0) | 20 (25.3) |
Treatments, n (%) | ||
None | 14 (100) | 69 (84.1) |
Glucocorticoids | 0 (0) | 13 (15.8) |
Methotrexate | 0 (0) | 5 (6.0) |
Variables | GlycA | GlycB |
---|---|---|
Traditional CV Risk Factors | ||
Hypertension | p = 0.115 | p = 0.374 |
Diabetes | p = 0.078 | p = 0.090 |
Dyslipidemia | p = 0.163 | p = 0.536 |
Smoking | p = 0.977 | p = 0.793 |
Obesity | p = 0.107 | p = 0.113 |
Waist circumference | r = 0.145 p = 0.233 | r = 0.078 p = 0.524 |
Glucose Homeostasis Parameters | ||
Glucose | r = 0.068 p = 0.542 | r = 0.218 p = 0.050 |
Insulin | r = 0.087 p = 0.485 | r = −0.001 p = 0.994 |
C-peptide | r = −0.034 p = 0.786 | r = −0.075 p = 0.545 |
HOMA-IR | r = 0.068 p = 0.593 | r = 0.002 p = 0.990 |
QUICKI | r = −0.181 p = 0.147 | r = −0.135 p = 0.279 |
Models | OR | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Univariate | |||
GlycA, per unit | 1.004 | 1.002–1.007 | 0.020 |
Multivariate | |||
GlycA, per unit | 1.008 | 1.003–1.012 | 0.023 |
Age at sampling, per year | 1.091 | 1.017–1.169 | 0.015 |
Sex, women | 4.609 | 0.635–33.427 | 0.131 |
Hypertension, yes | 3.811 | 0.752–19.305 | 0.106 |
Smoking, yes | 2.491 | 0.908–6.833 | 0.076 |
Dyslipidemia, yes | 1.093 | 0.250–4.776 | 0.906 |
Diabetes, yes | 3.731 | 0.345–40.371 | 0.278 |
BMI, per unit | 0.013 | 0.012–22.705 | 0.254 |
Model | 6 Months | 12 Months | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Univariate | ||||||
GlycA, per unit | 0.993 | 0.988–0.998 | 0.008 | 0.994 | 0.989–0.999 | 0.015 |
Multivariate | ||||||
GlycA, per unit | 0.992 | 0.986–0.998 | 0.015 | 0.993 | 0.986–0.999 | 0.030 |
Age at onset, per year | 1.005 | 0.931–1.085 | 0.894 | 1.042 | 0.951–1.142 | 0.381 |
Sex, women | 0.466 | 0.053–4.055 | 0.489 | 0.903 | 0.115–7.079 | 0.903 |
Duration of symptoms, per week | 0.982 | 0.946–1.019 | 0.342 | 0.985 | 0.943–1.028 | 0.489 |
RF, + | 0.426 | 0.059–3.055 | 0.396 | 0.530 | 0.081–3.482 | 0.509 |
ACPA, + | 1.039 | 0.146–7.417 | 0.696 | 1.067 | 0.162–7.024 | 0.946 |
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Rodríguez-Carrio, J.; Alperi-López, M.; López, P.; Pérez-Álvarez, Á.I.; Gil-Serret, M.; Amigó, N.; Ulloa, C.; Benavente, L.; Ballina-García, F.J.; Suárez, A. GlycA Levels during the Earliest Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential Use as a Biomarker of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082472
Rodríguez-Carrio J, Alperi-López M, López P, Pérez-Álvarez ÁI, Gil-Serret M, Amigó N, Ulloa C, Benavente L, Ballina-García FJ, Suárez A. GlycA Levels during the Earliest Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential Use as a Biomarker of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(8):2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082472
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Carrio, Javier, Mercedes Alperi-López, Patricia López, Ángel I. Pérez-Álvarez, Miriam Gil-Serret, Núria Amigó, Catalina Ulloa, Lorena Benavente, Francisco J. Ballina-García, and Ana Suárez. 2020. "GlycA Levels during the Earliest Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential Use as a Biomarker of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8: 2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082472