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Article

Bacterial Colonization within the First Six Weeks of Life and Pulmonary Outcome in Preterm Infants <1000 g

by
Tina Lauer
1,
Judith Behnke
1,
Frank Oehmke
2,
Johanna Baecker
1,
Katrin Gentil
3,
Trinad Chakraborty
3,
Michael Schloter
4,
Jan Gertheiss
5 and
Harald Ehrhardt
1,*
1
Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University, Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Feulgenstrasse 12, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
2
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstrasse 12, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
3
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
4
Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
5
Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Statistics and Data Science Group, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(7), 2240; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072240
Submission received: 30 May 2020 / Revised: 5 July 2020 / Accepted: 8 July 2020 / Published: 15 July 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Respiratory Medicine)
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Abstract

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a multifactorial disease mainly provoked by pre- and postnatal infections, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen toxicity. In severely affected premature infants requiring mechanical ventilation, association of bacterial colonization of the lung and BPD was recently disclosed. To analyze the impact of bacterial colonization of the upper airway and gastrointestinal tract on moderate/severe BPD, we retrospectively analyzed nasopharyngeal and anal swabs taken weekly during the first 6 weeks of life at a single center in n = 102 preterm infants <1000 g. Colonization mostly occurred between weeks 2 and 6 and displayed a high diversity requiring categorization. Analyses of deviance considering all relevant confounders revealed statistical significance solely for upper airway colonization with bacteria with pathogenic potential and moderate/severe BPD (p = 0.0043) while no link could be established to the Gram response or the gastrointestinal tract. Our data highlight that specific colonization of the upper airway poses a risk to the immature lung. These data are not surprising taking into account the tremendous impact of microbial axes on health and disease across ages. We suggest that studies on upper airway colonization using predefined categories represent a feasible approach to investigate the impact on the pulmonary outcome in ventilated and non-ventilated preterm infants.
Keywords: preterm infant; bronchopulmonary dysplasia; bacterial colonization; pathogenic; gram-negative bacteria; upper airway; lung; gut preterm infant; bronchopulmonary dysplasia; bacterial colonization; pathogenic; gram-negative bacteria; upper airway; lung; gut

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lauer, T.; Behnke, J.; Oehmke, F.; Baecker, J.; Gentil, K.; Chakraborty, T.; Schloter, M.; Gertheiss, J.; Ehrhardt, H. Bacterial Colonization within the First Six Weeks of Life and Pulmonary Outcome in Preterm Infants <1000 g. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2240. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072240

AMA Style

Lauer T, Behnke J, Oehmke F, Baecker J, Gentil K, Chakraborty T, Schloter M, Gertheiss J, Ehrhardt H. Bacterial Colonization within the First Six Weeks of Life and Pulmonary Outcome in Preterm Infants <1000 g. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(7):2240. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072240

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lauer, Tina, Judith Behnke, Frank Oehmke, Johanna Baecker, Katrin Gentil, Trinad Chakraborty, Michael Schloter, Jan Gertheiss, and Harald Ehrhardt. 2020. "Bacterial Colonization within the First Six Weeks of Life and Pulmonary Outcome in Preterm Infants <1000 g" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 7: 2240. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072240

APA Style

Lauer, T., Behnke, J., Oehmke, F., Baecker, J., Gentil, K., Chakraborty, T., Schloter, M., Gertheiss, J., & Ehrhardt, H. (2020). Bacterial Colonization within the First Six Weeks of Life and Pulmonary Outcome in Preterm Infants <1000 g. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(7), 2240. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072240

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