Deciphering the Molecular Landscape of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma for Better Diagnosis and Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Etiology, Prevention and Early Diagnosis of Cutaneous SCC
3. Established SCC-Associated Markers
3.1. TP53
3.2. CDKN2A
3.3. RAS Signaling Genes
3.4. NOTCH Signaling Genes
3.5. FAT1
4. Novel SCC-Associated Markers
4.1. KNSTRN
4.2. RASA1
4.3. RIPK4
4.4. Chromatin Remodeling Genes
4.5. Other Potential Cutaneous SCC-Associated Genes
5. Non-Coding RNA Modifications in Cutaneous SCC
5.1. Tumor Suppressor miRNAs Downregulated in cSCC
5.2. Oncogenic miRNAs Upregulated in cSCC
5.3. Aberrant Activity of lncRNAs
6. Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Cutaneous SCC
6.1. Targeted Therapy
6.2. Immunotherapy
6.3. Topical Treatment
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | No. of Analyzed Samples | Mutations (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Cell-cycle control | |||
TP53 | 100 | 42 | [33] |
91 | 64 | [27] | |
39 | 94.9 | [28] | |
29 | 79 | [29] | |
28 | 54–85 | [30] | |
40 | 70 | [31] | |
CDKN2A | 100 | 28 | [33] |
91 | 23 | [27] | |
39 | 43.6 | [28] | |
29 | 45 | [29] | |
28 | 29–42 | [30] | |
40 | 45 | [31] | |
Keratinocyte differentiation | |||
NOTCH 1 | 100 | 54 | [33] |
91 | 75 | [27] | |
39 | 59 | [28] | |
29 | 48 | [29] | |
28 | 50–63 | [30] | |
40 | 75 | [31] | |
NOTCH 2 | 100 | 34 | [33] |
91 | 63 | [27] | |
39 | 51.3 | [28] | |
29 | 31 | [29] | |
28 | 41–48 | [30] | |
40 | 50 | [31] | |
FAT1 | 39 | 43.6 | [28] |
170 | 40 | [27] | |
28 | 22–37 | [30] | |
40 | 60 | [31] | |
RIPK4 | 39 | 28 | [28] |
29 | 24 | [29] | |
RAS signaling | |||
HRAS | 100 | 6 | [33] |
91 | 16 | [27] | |
39 | 20.5 | [28] | |
29 | 13 | [29] | |
28 | 12–13 | [30] | |
40 | 22.5 | [31] | |
KRAS | 91 | 13 | [27] |
29 | 10 | [29] | |
BRAF | 39 | 17.9 | [28] |
29 | 13 | [29] | |
28 | 5–13 | [30] | |
RASA1 | 39 | 13 | [28] |
Chromatin segregation/remodeling | |||
KNSTRN | 100 | 19 | [33] |
KMT2C | 39 | 38.5 | [28] |
28 | 36–43 | [30] | |
KMT2D | 39 | 69.2 | [28] |
28 | 31–62 | [30] |
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Lazar, A.D.; Dinescu, S.; Costache, M. Deciphering the Molecular Landscape of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma for Better Diagnosis and Treatment. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072228
Lazar AD, Dinescu S, Costache M. Deciphering the Molecular Landscape of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma for Better Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(7):2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072228
Chicago/Turabian StyleLazar, Andreea D., Sorina Dinescu, and Marieta Costache. 2020. "Deciphering the Molecular Landscape of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma for Better Diagnosis and Treatment" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 7: 2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072228