Differences in Brain Volume between Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Overweight and Obese Children: The Role of Fitness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Anthropometric Variables
2.3.2. Blood Analyses and Blood Pressure
2.3.3. MHO and MUO’s Categorization
2.3.4. Global and Regional Brain Volume
2.3.5. Academic Achievement
2.3.6. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
2.3.7. Other Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 97) | MHO (n = 52) | MUO (n = 45) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Descriptive characteristics: | ||||
Age (years) | 10.0 ± 1.2 | 9.9 ± 1.1 | 10.1 ± 1.2 | 0.473 |
Peak height velocity (years) | −2.0 ± 1.0 | −2.2 ± 1.0 | −1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.031 |
Weight (kg) | 56.0 ± 11.1 | 53.4 ± 11.2 | 59.0 ± 10.1 | 0.011 |
Height (cm) | 144.1 ± 8.3 | 143.3 ± 8.4 | 144.9 ± 8.2 | 0.325 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 3.7 | 25.7 ± 3.5 | 28.0 ± 3.5 | 0.003 |
Weight status (n, (%)) *: | 0.016 | |||
Overweight | 24 (24.7) | 19, (36.5) | 5, (11.1) | |
Obesity type I | 42 (43.3) | 21, (40.4) | 21, (46.7) | |
Obesity type II | 19 (19.6) | 6, (11.5) | 13, (28.9) | |
Obesity type III | 12 (12.4) | 6, (11.5) | 6, (13.3) | |
Parental education (n (%)): | 0.248 | |||
None with university studies | 65 (67.0) | 31 (59.6) | 34 (75.6) | |
Only one with university studies | 17 (17.5) | 11 (21.2) | 6 (13.3) | |
Both of them with university studies | 15 (15.5) | 10 (19.2) | 5 (11.1) | |
Cardiorespiratory fitness: | ||||
Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) † | 40.8 ± 2.7 | 41.6 ± 2.6 | 39.8 ± 2.6 | 0.001 |
Metabolic risk factors: | ||||
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 98.6 ± 57.7 | 73.3 ± 23.7 | 128.6 ± 72.8 | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 86.3 ± 6.6 | 86.4 ± 5.8 | 86.4 ± 7.5 | 0.987 |
High-Density Lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 50.3 ± 11.2 | 56.7 ± 9.7 | 42.6 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 99.6 ± 12.9 | 98.9 ± 10.7 | 100.9 ± 15.2 | 0.458 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 56.0 ± 12.3 | 55.2 ± 10.4 | 57.4 ± 14.1 | 0.383 |
Academic achievement: | ||||
Total achievement | 108.8 ± 12.4 | 111.38 ± 12.9 | 105.9 ± 11.2 | 0.028 |
MHO (n = 52) > MUO (n = 45) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain Regions | x | y | z | t | Cluster Size | Hemisphere | Effect Size | |
Cohen’s d | 95% CI | |||||||
Model 1: | ||||||||
Fusiform gyrus | 44 | −33 | −20 | 4.33 | 2008 | Right | 0.82 | 0.23, 1.05 |
−41 | −30 | −27 | 4.35 | 1581 | Left | 0.57 | 0.16, 0.98 | |
Calcarine | −12 | −83 | 2 | 4.33 | 948 | Left | 0.72 | 0.31, 1.13 |
18 | −66 | 14 | 3.69 | 662 | Right | 0.61 | 0.20, 1.01 | |
Lingual gyrus | −20 | −68 | −5 | 4.42 | 893 | Left | 0.67 | 0.26, 1.08 |
20 | −77 | −6 | 4.85 | 386 | Right | 0.80 | 0.38, 1.21 | |
Middle occipital gyrus | 41 | −80 | 14 | 3.72 | 120 | Right | 0.57 | 0.17, 0.98 |
Superior temporal gyrus | 36 | 20 | −33 | 3.99 | 93 | Right | 0.64 | 0.23, 1.05 |
Inferior temporal gyrus | −38 | −6 | −35 | 3.74 | 76 | Left | 0.53 | 0.12, 0.93 |
Model 2: | ||||||||
Fusiform gyrus | −41 | −30 | −27 | 4.08 | 700 | Left | 0.39 | 0.06, 0.79 |
44 | −33 | −20 | 4.64 | 427 | Right | 0.68 | 0.27, 1.09 | |
Calcarine | −12 | −83 | 2 | 4.19 | 487 | Left | 0.58 | 0.17, 0.98 |
Lingual gyrus | −20 | −68 | −5 | 4.15 | 388 | Left | 0.50 | 0.09, 0.90 |
20 | −75 | −6 | 4.62 | 256 | Right | 0.62 | 0.20, 1.02 | |
Middle occipital gyrus | 41 | −78 | 12 | 3.67 | 94 | Right | 0.47 | 0.06, 0.87 |
Superior temporal gyrus | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Inferior temporal gyrus | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coordinates (x, y, z) | β | p | β | p | |||
Regional gray matter: | |||||||
Fusiform gyrus | 44 | −33 | −20 | 0.171 | 0.065 | −0.080 | 0.395 |
−41 | −30 | −27 | 0.034 | 0.713 | 0.062 | 0.514 | |
Calcarine | −12 | −83 | 2 | 0.006 | 0.959 | 0.104 | 0.275 |
18 | −66 | 14 | −0.012 | 0.901 | - | - | |
Lingual gyrus | −20 | −68 | −5 | −0.188 | 0.052 | 0.076 | 0.433 |
20 | −77 | −6 | 0.042 | 0.672 | 0.028 | 0.772 | |
Middle occipital gyrus | 41 | −80 | 14 | 0.030 | 0.751 | −0.071 | 0.473 |
Superior temporal gyrus | 36 | 20 | −33 | 0.094 | 0.350 | - | - |
Inferior temporal gyrus | −38 | −6 | −35 | 0.139 | 0.167 | - | - |
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Cadenas-Sanchez, C.; Esteban-Cornejo, I.; Migueles, J.H.; Labayen, I.; Verdejo-Román, J.; Mora-Gonzalez, J.; Henriksson, P.; Maldonado, J.; Gómez-Vida, J.; Hillman, C.H.; et al. Differences in Brain Volume between Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Overweight and Obese Children: The Role of Fitness. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041059
Cadenas-Sanchez C, Esteban-Cornejo I, Migueles JH, Labayen I, Verdejo-Román J, Mora-Gonzalez J, Henriksson P, Maldonado J, Gómez-Vida J, Hillman CH, et al. Differences in Brain Volume between Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Overweight and Obese Children: The Role of Fitness. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(4):1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041059
Chicago/Turabian StyleCadenas-Sanchez, Cristina, Irene Esteban-Cornejo, Jairo H. Migueles, Idoia Labayen, Juan Verdejo-Román, Jose Mora-Gonzalez, Pontus Henriksson, José Maldonado, José Gómez-Vida, Charles H. Hillman, and et al. 2020. "Differences in Brain Volume between Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Overweight and Obese Children: The Role of Fitness" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4: 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041059