Management of Streptococcus mutans-Candida spp. Oral Biofilms’ Infections: Paving the Way for Effective Clinical Interventions
by
Bahare Salehi 1
, 
Dorota Kregiel 2, Gail Mahady 3, 
Javad Sharifi-Rad 4,5,*, 
Natália Martins 6,7,* and 
Célia F. Rodrigues 8,*
Bahare Salehi 1, Dorota Kregiel 2, Gail Mahady 3, Javad Sharifi-Rad 4,5,*, Natália Martins 6,7,* and Célia F. Rodrigues 8,*
1
Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
2
Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Wolczanska 171/173, Poland
3
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Clinical Pharmacognosy Laboratories, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
4
Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran
5
Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, 599 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada
6
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
7
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
8
LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(2), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020517
Received: 6 January 2020 / Revised: 10 February 2020 / Accepted: 12 February 2020 / Published: 14 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterial-Related Infections)
Oral diseases are considered the most common noncommunicable diseases and are related to serious local and systemic disorders. Oral pathogens can grow and spread in the oral mucosae and frequently in biomaterials (e.g., dentures or prostheses) under polymicrobial biofilms, leading to several disorders such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Biofilms harbor a complex array of interacting microbes, increasingly unapproachable to antimicrobials and with dynamic processes key to disease pathogenicity, which partially explain the gradual loss of response towards conventional therapeutic regimens. New drugs (synthesized and natural) and other therapies that have revealed promising results for the treatment or control of these mixed biofilms are presented and discussed here. A structured search of bibliographic databases was applied to include recent research. There are several promising new approaches in the treatment of Candida spp.–Streptococcus mutans oral mixed biofilms that could be clinically applied in the near future. These findings confirm the importance of developing effective therapies for oral Candida–bacterial infections.
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Keywords:
oral biofilm; infection control; Streptococcus mutans; Candida spp.; natural compounds; antimicrobial resistance
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Salehi, B.; Kregiel, D.; Mahady, G.; Sharifi-Rad, J.; Martins, N.; Rodrigues, C.F. Management of Streptococcus mutans-Candida spp. Oral Biofilms’ Infections: Paving the Way for Effective Clinical Interventions. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 517.
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