Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pilot Study and Data Collection
2.2. Olfactory Tests
2.3. Individual Significance of Olfaction
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pilot Study
3.2. BMI and Olfaction
3.3. Individual Significance of Olfaction
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 | Item 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | lemon | apple | peppermint | gingerbread |
2 | chocolate | raspberry | coconut | cherry |
3 | walnut | tomato | coke | peach |
4 | cinnamon | pear | apple | woodruff |
5 | cucumber | chocolate | banana | orange |
6 | grapes | vanilla | hazelnut | orange |
7 | lemon | cube sugar | pineapple | nut nougat |
8 | honeydew | coffee | strawberry | mandarin |
9 | orange | coke | peach | chocolate |
10 | woodruff | chocolate | peanut | strawberry |
11 | cucumber | cinnamon | pear | licorice |
12 | banana | gingerbread | lemon | grapes |
13 | coconut | strawberry | walnut | blackcurrant |
14 | mandarin | peanut | anise | caramel |
15 | passion fruit | blackcurrant | hazelnut | pineapple |
16 | mandarin | nougat | kiwi | vanilla |
17 | apple | peanut | orange | coke |
18 | coke | vanilla | hazelnut | tomato |
19 | cucumber | coconut | cube sugar | cherry |
20 | coconut | orange | coke | apricot |
21 | coffee | rhubarb | walnut | lemon |
22 | vanilla | kiwi | coconut | orange |
23 | peppermint | chocolate | eisbonbon | tomato |
24 | plum | anise | gingerbread | licorice |
25 | condensed milk | mandarin | walnut | chocolate |
26 | raspberry | nut nougat | honeydew | vanilla |
27 | licorice | anise | peppermint | apple |
No. | Statement | A | B | C | D |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I pay attention to odors in my surroundings when leaving the house | ||||
2 | When eating an apple, I think of its smell | ||||
3 | When I see flowers, I consciously smell them | ||||
4 | On a market, I consciously notice the odors | ||||
5 | When cooking, I smell each ingredient to see if they match | ||||
6 | When a bedroom smells unpleasant, I let some air in | ||||
7 | Thinking of my partner, I think of his/her smell | ||||
8 | Smelling a glass of wine, I pay attention to different aromas | ||||
9 | I remember body odors of relatives/friends/familiar persons | ||||
10 | When buying flowers, I decide by the smell | ||||
11 | After a rainfall, I notice odors more intensely | ||||
12 | When cooking, I pay attention to the smell of each ingredient | ||||
13 | Often during the course of the day, I check if my hands, armpits, breath et cetera smell funny | ||||
14 | I notice seasonal (winter/summer) differences in surrounding odors | ||||
15 | For my occupation a good sense of smell is essential | ||||
16 | For my hobbies a good sense of smell is essential | ||||
17 | Good food is my greatest passion | ||||
18 | Enjoying good wine makes me happy |
n = 15 | ||
---|---|---|
Mean | SD | |
Age | 43.7 | 11.2 |
BMI | 44.3 | 6.2 |
Odor threshold | 6.0 | 2.5 |
Odor discrimination | 12.1 | 1.7 |
Odor identification | 13.3 | 1.8 |
TDI | 31.3 | 4.7 |
ISO | 65.5 | 14.1 |
n = 7 | ||
Candy Smell Test | 15.3 | 4.6 |
n = 185 (122 f, 63 m) | Mean | SD |
Age | 31.1 | 12.4 |
BMI | 24.9 | 7.0 |
Odor identification | 13.8 | 1.3 |
n = 74 (47 f, 27 m) | Mean | SD |
Age | 32.8 | 11.9 |
BMI | 27.3 | 9.5 |
Odor threshold | 6.7 | 2.8 |
Odor discrimination | 13.6 | 1.7 |
Odor identification | 13.9 | 1.3 |
TDI | 33.0 | 4.5 |
n = 66 (42 f, 24 m) | Mean | SD |
Age | 30.9 | 10.8 |
BMI | 25.2 | 7.4 |
Candy Smell Test | 19.4 | 3.3 |
n = 48 (30 f, 18 m) OH | Mean | SD |
Age | 33.3 | 12.4 |
BMI | 29.8 | 10.8 |
ISO | 62.3 | 12.0 |
n = 52 (35 f, 17 m) OD | Mean | SD |
Age | 55.9 | 17.7 |
BMI | 25.7 | 4.5 |
ISO | 68.4 | 15.2 |
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Besser, G.; Erlacher, B.; Aydinkoc-Tuzcu, K.; Liu, D.T.; Pablik, E.; Niebauer, V.; Koenighofer, M.; Renner, B.; Mueller, C.A. Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020366
Besser G, Erlacher B, Aydinkoc-Tuzcu K, Liu DT, Pablik E, Niebauer V, Koenighofer M, Renner B, Mueller CA. Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(2):366. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020366
Chicago/Turabian StyleBesser, Gerold, Brigitte Erlacher, Kadriye Aydinkoc-Tuzcu, David T. Liu, Eleonore Pablik, Verena Niebauer, Martin Koenighofer, Bertold Renner, and Christian A. Mueller. 2020. "Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2: 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020366