Adult Diabetes and Prediabetes Prevalence in Kuwait: Data from the Cross-Sectional Kuwait Diabetes Epidemiology Program
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Definition of Prediabetes and Diabetes
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sex | Nationality | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Total | Male | Female | p | Kuwaiti | Non-Kuwaiti | p |
n (% total) | 4937 (100) | 2773 (56.2) | 2164 (43.8) | 1684 (34.1) | 3253 (65.9) | ||
Mean age (years) | 44.1 (10.4) | 44.6 (10.4) | 43.4 (10.3) | <0.0001 | 46.7 (10.7) | 42.7 (9.9) | <0.0001 |
Mean BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 (5.8) | 29.5 (5.28) | 30.9 (6.41) | <0.0001 | 31.2 (5.7) | 29.6 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
Mean HbA1c (%) | 6.16 (1.5) | 6.28 (1.56) | 6.0 (1.4) | <0.0001 | 6.27 (1.54) | 6.1 (1.47) | 0.0001 |
Mean FPG (mmol/L) | 5.95 (2.29) | 6.17 (2.39) | 5.67 (2.12) | <0.0001 | 6.45 (2.4) | 5.84 (2.22) | <0.0001 |
Mean systolic BP (mmHg) | 130 (21.1) | 135 (20.9) | 125 (20) | <0.0001 | 126 (18.8) | 132 (22) | <0.0001 |
Mean diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79 (12.1) | 81 (12.0) | 77 (11.9) | <0.0001 | 77 (11.2) | 81 (12.3) | <0.0001 |
Mean waist–hip ratio (cm/cm) | 0.91 (0.07) | 0.94 (0.06) | 0.88 (0.07) | <0.0001 | 0.92 (0.06) | 0.91 (0.07) | 0.61 |
Self-reported hypertension (n) | 1002 (20.9) | 593 (22.1) | 409 (19.3) | 0.02 | 380 (22.6) | 622 (19.9) | 0.027 |
Self-reported dyslipidaemia (n) | 1046 (22.6) | 624 (24.1) | 422 (20.6) | 0.004 | 409 (24.5) | 637 (21.5) | 0.02 |
Family history of diabetes (n) | 2807 (61.0) | 1567 (60.1) | 1240 (62.2) | 0.16 | 1178 (78.1) | 1629 (52.7) | <0.0001 |
University educated (n) | 2807 (56.9) | 1549 (55.9) | 1258 (58.1) | 0.11 | 1166 (69.2) | 1641 (50.5) | <0.0001 |
>1000 KD monthly household income (n) | 1778 (44.4) | 1001 (42.7) | 777 (46.9) | 0.008 | 1321 (92.4) | 457 (17.8) | <0.0001 |
Prediabetes Prevalence | Diabetes Prevalence | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | n | % [95% CI] | p | % [95% CI] | p |
Overall | 4937 | 13.5 [12.5–14.5] | 19.1 [18.0–20.2] | ||
Sex | 0.0008 | <0.0001 | |||
Men | 2773 | 14.8 [13.5–16.2] | 22.4 [20.9–24.0] | ||
Women | 2164 | 11.5 [10.2–12.9] | 14.4 [13.0–15.9] | ||
Nationality | 0.002 | 0.003 | |||
Kuwaiti | 1684 | 11.1 [9.7–12.7] | 21.8 [19.9–23.8] | ||
Non-Kuwaiti | 3253 | 14.3 [13.1–15.5] | 18.2 [16.9–19.6] | ||
Non-Kuwaiti ethnicities | 0.005 | 0.0004 | |||
Arab | 1615 | 12.5 [11.0–14.2] | 19.1 [17.3–21.1] | ||
Iranian | 150 | 11.3 [7.1–17.3] | 15.2 [10.4–21.8] | ||
South Asian | 1051 | 17.2 [15.0–19.6] | 20.2 [17.8–22.7] | ||
Southeast Asian | 407 | 14.7 [11.6–18.5] | 11.1 [8.4–14.5] | ||
Age group | 0.001 | <0.0001 | |||
20–29 | 370 | 8.4 [6.0–11.6] | 5.4 [3.5–8.2] | ||
30–44 | 2282 | 14.3 [12.9–15.8] | 14.2 [12.9–15.7] | ||
45–59 | 1889 | 18.6 [16.9–20.4] | 38.7 [36.5–40.9] | ||
60+ | 396 | 12.2 [9.3–15.7] | 64.8 [60.0–69.4] | ||
Obesity category | 0.002 | <0.0001 | |||
Normal BMI | 825 | 9.7 [7.9–11.9] | 8.4 [6.7–10.5] | ||
Overweight | 1888 | 14.4 [12.8–16.0] | 17.6 [16.0–19.4] | ||
Obese | 2219 | 14.8 [13.4–16.3] | 26.7 [24.9–28.6] | ||
Waist–hip ratio | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
Normal | 1231 | 9.1 [7.6–10.8] | 7.1 [5.8–8.6] | ||
Elevated | 3664 | 15.7 [14.6–16.9] | 25.1 [23.7–26.5] | ||
Self-reported hypertension | 0.63 | <0.0001 | |||
No | 3800 | 13.3 [12.2–14.4] | 14.1 [13.1–15.3] | ||
Yes | 1002 | 13.9 [11.9–16.2] | 51.5 [48.4–54.6] | ||
Self-reported dyslipidaemia | 0.088 | <0.0001 | |||
No | 3591 | 13.1 [12.1–14.3] | 13.9 [12.8–15.0] | ||
Yes | 1046 | 15.2 [13.2–17.5] | 47.8 [44.8–50.8] | ||
Family history of diabetes | 0.62 | <0.0001 | |||
No | 1795 | 13.3 [11.8–15.0] | 11.9 [10.5–13.4] | ||
Yes | 2807 | 13.8 [12.6–15.1] | 24.5 [23.0–26.1] | ||
Education level | 0.92 | <0.0001 | |||
High school or lower | 2129 | 13.5 [12.1–15.0] | 24.0 [22.2–25.8] | ||
University | 2807 | 13.4 [12.2–14.7] | 15.6 [14.3–17.0] | ||
Monthly household income | 0.049 | 0.042 | |||
≤1000 KD (≤approx. $3300) | 2223 | 14.2 [12.8–15.7] | 18.3 [16.7–20.0] | ||
>1000 KD (>approx. $3300) | 1778 | 12.1 [10.7–13.7] | 20.9 [19.0–22.8] |
Kuwaitis | Non-Kuwaitis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Prevalence, % [95% CI] | n | Prevalence, % [95% CI] | p | |
All | 1684 | 21.8 [19.9–23.8] | 3253 | 18.2 [16.9–19.6] | 0.0025 |
Sex | |||||
Men | 863 | 21.9 [19.3–24.8] | 1910 | 22.5 [20.7–24.4] | 0.74 |
Women | 821 | 21.7 [19.0–24.6] | 1343 | 11.0 [9.5–12.8] | <0.0001 |
Age | |||||
20–29 | 78 | 6.3 [2.7–14.0] | 292 | 5.1 [3.1–8.3] | 0.66 |
30–44 | 679 | 12.7 [10.4–15.4] | 1603 | 14.6 [13.0–16.4] | 0.22 |
45–59 | 724 | 39.0 [35.5–42.6] | 1165 | 38.6 [35.9–41.5] | 0.89 |
60+ | 203 | 69.5 [62.8–75.4] | 193 | 59.3 [52.3–65.9] | 0.04 |
Obesity category | |||||
Normal BMI | 173 | 8.1 [4.9–13.1] | 652 | 8.4 [6.5–10.8] | 0.88 |
Overweight | 600 | 17.2 [14.4–20.4] | 1288 | 17.8 [15.8–20.0] | 0.75 |
Obese | 909 | 29.9 [27.0–33.0] | 1310 | 25.3 [23.0–27.7] | 0.015 |
Waist–hip ratio | |||||
Normal | 338 | 8.6 [6.0–12.0] | 893 | 6.7 [5.3–8.6] | 0.26 |
Elevated | 1326 | 28.4 [26.0–30.8] | 2338 | 23.9 [22.2–25.7] | 0.003 |
Self-reported hypertension | |||||
No | 1299 | 13.9 [12.2–15.9] | 2501 | 14.2 [12.9–15.6] | 0.83 |
Yes | 380 | 68.2 [63.4–72.7] | 622 | 45.4 [41.6–49.4] | <0.0001 |
Self-reported dyslipidaemia | |||||
No | 1263 | 12.7 [10.9–14.6] | 2328 | 14.3 [13.0–15.8] | 0.16 |
Yes | 409 | 67.7 [63.0–72.1] | 637 | 40.3 [36.5–44.1] | <0.0001 |
Family history of diabetes | |||||
No | 331 | 14.2 [10.8–18.4] | 1464 | 11.5 [9.9–13.2] | 0.17 |
Yes | 1178 | 23.2 [20.9–25.7] | 1629 | 25.2 [23.1–27.3] | 0.22 |
Education level | |||||
High school or lower | 518 | 35.5 [31.5–39.7] | 1611 | 21.7 [19.8–23.8] | <0.0001 |
University | 1166 | 16.7 [14.7–19.0] | 1641 | 15.1 [13.4–16.9] | 0.23 |
Monthly household income | |||||
≤1000 KD (≤approx. $3300) | 109 | 19.3 [13.0–27.7] | 2114 | 18.3 [16.7–20.0] | 0.79 |
>1000 KD (>approx. $3300) | 1321 | 22.0 [19.9–24.3] | 457 | 18.6 [15.3–22.4] | 0.12 |
Prediabetes | Diabetes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | OR [95% CI] | p | OR [95% CI] | p |
Sex | ||||
Women | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Men | 1.11 [0.91–1.36] | 0.29 | 1.78 [1.47–2.16] | <0.001 |
Nationality | ||||
Non-Kuwaiti | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Kuwaiti | 0.84 [0.63–1.12] | 0.23 | 1.10 [0.84–1.44] | 0.48 |
Age group | ||||
20–29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
30–44 | 1.47 [0.93–2.33] | 0.10 | 1.08 [0.63–1.85] | 0.78 |
45–59 | 1.97 [1.23–3.15] | 0.005 | 2.91 [1.70–4.97] | <0.001 |
60+ | 2.03 [1.14–3.62] | 0.016 | 5.00 [2.75–9.10] | <0.001 |
Obesity category | ||||
Normal BMI | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overweight | 1.41 [1.03–1.92] | 0.031 | 1.23 [0.90–1.67] | 0.19 |
Obese | 1.60 [1.17–2.19] | 0.003 | 1.82 [1.35–2.47] | <0.001 |
Waist–hip ratio | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Elevated | 1.29 [1.00–1.65] | 0.044 | 2.45 [1.87–3.22] | <0.001 |
Self-reported hypertension | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.79 [0.60–1.03] | 0.079 | 2.29 [1.85–2.83] | <0.001 |
Self-reported dyslipidaemia | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.91 [0.71–1.17] | 0.48 | 2.58 [2.11–3.16] | <0.001 |
Family history of diabetes | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.93 [0.76–1.14] | 0.47 | 2.25 [1.83–2.76] | <0.001 |
Education level | ||||
University | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
High school or lower | 0.79 [0.64–0.97] | 0.022 | 1.53 [1.27–1.85] | <0.001 |
Monthly household income | ||||
>1000 KD (>approx. $3300) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
≤1000 KD (≤approx. $3300) | 1.24 [0.93–1.63] | 0.14 | 1.30 [0.99–1.69] | 0.058 |
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Alkandari, A.; Alarouj, M.; Elkum, N.; Sharma, P.; Devarajan, S.; Abu-Farha, M.; Al-Mulla, F.; Tuomilehto, J.; Bennakhi, A. Adult Diabetes and Prediabetes Prevalence in Kuwait: Data from the Cross-Sectional Kuwait Diabetes Epidemiology Program. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113420
Alkandari A, Alarouj M, Elkum N, Sharma P, Devarajan S, Abu-Farha M, Al-Mulla F, Tuomilehto J, Bennakhi A. Adult Diabetes and Prediabetes Prevalence in Kuwait: Data from the Cross-Sectional Kuwait Diabetes Epidemiology Program. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(11):3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113420
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlkandari, Abdullah, Monira Alarouj, Naser Elkum, Prem Sharma, Sriraman Devarajan, Mohamed Abu-Farha, Fahd Al-Mulla, Jaakko Tuomilehto, and Abdullah Bennakhi. 2020. "Adult Diabetes and Prediabetes Prevalence in Kuwait: Data from the Cross-Sectional Kuwait Diabetes Epidemiology Program" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11: 3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113420