Dysfunctional Coping Mechanisms Contribute to Dry Eye Symptoms
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographics | Mean (SD) | PCS (r) | p-Value | MPI (r) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58.8 (9.6) | −0.11 | 0.14 | −0.17 | 0.02 |
Medication Use | n (%) | ||||
Antidepressant | 111 (57.2%) | ||||
Anxiolytic | 110 (56.7%) | ||||
Analgesic | 123 (63.4%) | ||||
Antihistamine | 45 (23.2%) | ||||
DE symptoms (Overall) | Mean (SD) | ||||
DEQ5 (0–22) | 11.2 (5.2) | 0.41 | <0.0005 | 0.40 | <0.0005 |
OSDI (0–100) | 37.2 (23.8) | 0.49 | <0.0005 | 0.54 | <0.0005 |
DE symptoms (Pain-related) | Mean (SD) | ||||
Ocular pain intensity, average 1 week recall (0–10) | 3.3 (2.7) | 0.48 | <0.0005 | 0.46 | <0.0005 |
Burning (0–10) | 2.7 (2.9) | 0.41 | <0.0005 | 0.43 | <0.0005 |
Evoked Pain to Wind (0–10) | 2.8 (3.0) | 0.39 | <0.0005 | 0.43 | <0.0005 |
Evoked Pain by Light (0–10) | 3.3 (3.2) | 0.41 | <0.0005 | 0.43 | <0.0005 |
NPSI-Eye total score (0–100) | 20.3 (20.7) | 0.48 | <0.0005 | 0.50 | <0.0005 |
Ocular surface measures | Mean (SD) | ||||
Osmolarity (mOsm/L) | 305.0 (15.7) | −0.03 | 0.67 | −0.02 | 0.83 |
Belmonte detection threshold (mL/min) | 76.0 (42.4) | −0.17 | 0.02 | −0.12 | 0.12 |
Belmonte pain threshold, (mL/min) | 252.7 (126.3) | −0.08 | 0.27 | −0.11 | 0.14 |
Ocular inflammation (InflammaDry) (0–3) | 0.9 (0.9) | −0.16 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.68 |
Tear Break Up Time (seconds) | 8.9 (5.0) | −0.09 | 0.21 | −0.05 | 0.47 |
Corneal Staining (0–15) | 2.2 (2.4) | 0.00 | 0.99 | −0.02 | 0.81 |
Schrimer Score (mm wetting at 5 min) | 12.0 (7.3) | −0.01 | 0.88 | 0.05 | 0.51 |
Eyelid Vascularity (0–3) | 0.5 (0.7) | −0.05 | 0.05 | −0.007 | 0.92 |
Meibum Quality (0–4) | 2.0 (1.3) | −0.001 | 0.98 | 0.01 | 0.89 |
Non-Ocular Indices | Mean (SD) | ||||
Non-ocular pain intensity, average 1 week recall (0–10) | 4.9 (3.1) | 0.54 | <0.0005 | 0.60 | <0.0005 |
Number of chronic pain conditions (0–21) | 2.6 (1.5) | 0.32 | <0.0005 | 0.48 | <0.0005 |
PTSD (PCL-M) (17–85) | 40.8 (18.8) | 0.40 | <0.0005 | 0.52 | <0.0005 |
Depression (PHQ9) (0–27) | 9.7 (7.5) | 0.52 | <0.0005 | 0.55 | <0.0005 |
Insomnia (ISI) (0–28) | 13.5 (8.5) | 0.38 | <0.0005 | 0.47 | <0.0005 |
Associated Variables | β | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Catastrophizing (PCS) | 0.316 | 0.008 | <0.0005 |
Non-ocular pain intensity, average 1 week recall | 0.168 | 0.043 | 0.01 |
PTSD (PCL-M) | 0.219 | 0.006 | <0.0005 |
Number of pain conditions | 0.188 | 0.071 | 0.001 |
Ethnicity | –0.112 | 0.228 | 0.02 |
OSDI | 0.133 | 0.005 | 0.03 |
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Patel, S.; Felix, E.R.; Levitt, R.C.; Sarantopoulos, C.D.; Galor, A. Dysfunctional Coping Mechanisms Contribute to Dry Eye Symptoms. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060901
Patel S, Felix ER, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos CD, Galor A. Dysfunctional Coping Mechanisms Contribute to Dry Eye Symptoms. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(6):901. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060901
Chicago/Turabian StylePatel, Sneh, Elizabeth R Felix, Roy C Levitt, Constantine D. Sarantopoulos, and Anat Galor. 2019. "Dysfunctional Coping Mechanisms Contribute to Dry Eye Symptoms" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 6: 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060901
APA StylePatel, S., Felix, E. R., Levitt, R. C., Sarantopoulos, C. D., & Galor, A. (2019). Dysfunctional Coping Mechanisms Contribute to Dry Eye Symptoms. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(6), 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060901