Next Article in Journal
Effects of Osteopathic Visceral Treatment in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Next Article in Special Issue
The Circulating GRP78/BiP Is a Marker of Metabolic Diseases and Atherosclerosis: Bringing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress into the Clinical Scenario
Previous Article in Journal
Advances in Understanding the Relationship between Sleep and Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Previous Article in Special Issue
Increased Citrullinated Histone H3 Levels in the Early Post-Resuscitative Period Are Associated with Poor Neurologic Function in Cardiac Arrest Survivors—A Prospective Observational Study
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Transient Laterality of Cerebral Oxygenation Changes in Response to Head-of-Bed Manipulation in Acute Ischemic Stroke

1
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
2
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, 3453 Mikatahara-cho, Kita-ku, Hamamatsu 433-8558, Japan
3
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu University Hospital, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(10), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101739
Submission received: 4 September 2019 / Revised: 13 October 2019 / Accepted: 18 October 2019 / Published: 19 October 2019

Abstract

:
Background: Cerebral oxygenation monitoring provides important information for optimizing individualized management in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Although changes in cerebral oxygenation are known to occur in response to head-of-bed (HOB) elevation within 72 h after onset, changes in cerebral oxygenation during stroke recovery are unclear. We compared changes in total- (tHb), oxygenated- (HbO2), and deoxygenated-hemoglobin (deoxyHb) concentrations in response to HOB manipulation between the timeframes within 72 h and 7–10 days after AIS onset. Methods: We measured forehead ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb in response to HOB elevation (30°) within 72 h (first measurement) and 7–10 days (second measurement) after AIS onset using time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: We enrolled 30 participants (mean age 72.8 ± 11.3 years; 13 women) with a first AIS. There were no significant differences in ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, or ΔdeoxyHb measurements on the infarct or contra-infarct side. At the first measurement, ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb measured on the contra-infarct side did not correlate with those measured on the infarct side: ΔtHb (r = 0.114, p = 0.539); ΔHbO2 (r = 0.143, p = 0.440); ΔdeoxyHb (r = 0.227, p = 0.221). Notably, at the second measurement, correlation coefficients of ΔtHb and ΔHbO2 between the contra-infarct and infarct sides were statistically significant: ΔtHb (r = 0.491, p = 0.008); ΔHbO2 (r = 0.479, p = 0.010); ΔdeoxyHb (r = 0.358, p = 0.054). Conclusion: Although changes in cerebral oxygenation in response to HOB elevation had a laterality difference between hemispheres within 72 h of AIS onset, the difference had decreased, at least partially, 7–10 days after AIS onset.

1. Introduction

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a significant cause of permanent disability [1]. Early rehabilitation for AIS patients—considered an important issue in poststroke functional outcomes—has been recommended in recent guidelines [2,3]. A large-scale clinical trial; however, provided evidence that early intervention was not associated with disability outcomes [4]. It is also recognized that supine AIS patients have improved cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygenation, although with an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia [5,6,7,8]. Another clinical trial revealed that a head-up position initiated within 24 h of AIS onset was not associated with a disability outcome or severe adverse effects, including pneumonia [9]. Thus, the optimal head position in patients with AIS is still unknown.
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) noninvasively measures hemoglobin (Hb) levels in the brain [10]. Compared with other technologies, such as transcranial Doppler (TCD) and positron emission tomography (PET), NIRS has several advantages: (1) it allows flexible measurements in sitting, standing, and moving subjects; (2) it is an irradiation-based, completely noninvasive technique that does not cause adverse effects on the body during repeated measurements, even in children; (3) it has high time resolution; and (4) it is compact and portable. Because of these advantages, the use of NIRS, such as cerebral oxygen monitors, is increasing in the medical field despite its drawbacks (e.g., possible interferences caused by attachment of optodes, shallow measurement depth, effects of drugs influencing cerebral blood flow or cutaneous blood flow, artifacts of cutaneous blood flow, and narrow measurement territory depending on the attachment site of optode). This increase is because these systems are simple but enable the observation of changes in brain activity over time via monitoring of Hb levels, which reflect fluctuations in regional cerebral blood flow. Indeed, NIRS can be useful to detect the intraindividual fluctuation and the interindividual difference of cerebral hemodynamic response in response to posture change [11]. Thus, well-known applications of NIRS include the monitoring of cerebral blood flow and hypoxic conditions in a variety of clinical settings [12,13,14]. During the last two decades, several studies have used the NIRS system to evaluate changes in cerebral oxygenation in upright AIS patients [7,15,16,17]. Their findings provided important information for optimal individualized management, based on cerebral oxygenation monitoring in AIS patients. Nevertheless, correlation of the total- (tHb), oxygenated- (HbO2), and deoxygenated-hemoglobin (deoxyHb) concentrations in response to head-of-bed (HOB) elevation between the infarct and contra-infarct sides have never been assessed, leaving the changes in cerebral oxygenation during stroke recovery not well understood. In the current exploratory study, we therefore aim to compare the changes in tHb (ΔtHb), HbO2 (ΔHbO2), and deoxyHb (ΔdeoxyHb) in response to HOB manipulation between the timeframes within 72 h and 7–10 days after AIS onset.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Design and Participants

This study was designed as a single-center exploratory study to compare the changes in cerebral oxygenation in response to HOB manipulation between different time points in AIS patients, and it was conducted at Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan. Study participants were consecutively recruited from among acute cerebral infarction patients hospitalized at our hospital from September 2016 to March 2017. Eligible patients were those having a first-ever ischemic stroke and who had been hospitalized within 24 h of symptoms onset. Main exclusion criteria were a patient with infratentorial stroke; a history of cerebral disease (prior stroke, brain contusion, brain tumor, brain infections, intracerebral hemorrhage and trauma); orthostatic hypotension; taking antihypertensive agents after hospitalization; or unable to participate in this study (could not maintain a 30° passive sitting position; presence of a skin disease (not suitable for applying a probe to the forehead); unable to follow verbal instructions).

2.2. Ethics and Study Registration

This study protocol complied with the Helsinki Declaration. The institutional research review board of Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital and Hamamatsu University School of Medicine approved the study (Approved number 16-15 and 16-001). Written informed consent was provided by all participants. The study was registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (URL: http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm. Unique identifier: UMIN 000022904).

2.3. Cerebral Hemoglobin Concentration Measurement by Time-Resolved NIRS

We used a single-channel, time-resolved NIRS system (TRS-10; Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Japan) to measure bilateral forehead cerebral (prefrontal cortex) hemoglobin concentration. The temporal profile obtained from TRS-10 measurement was fitted with that obtained from the theoretical solution of the photon diffusion equation (DE) [18], because the DE-fit method could provide information about the hemodynamic changes in the depth direction [19]. The TRS-10 system consists of three pulsed laser diodes with wavelengths of 759, 797, and 833 nm, having a duration of 100 ps and repetition frequency of 5 MHz. An optode, which includes infrared light irradiation and reception probes in a single device, was fixed on the participant’s head with Velcro and a headband so the irradiated infrared light was positioned at Fp1 and Fp2 according to the International 10-20 system. This NIRS device can measure the tHb, HbO2, and deoxyHb of tissues within a semicircular area between the irradiation and reception probes. The measurement depth increases with increased distance between the irradiation and reception probes (limit of 5 cm), because the farther the distance, the weaker the light reaching the reception probe. One study reporting simultaneous measurements with TRS-10 and PET found that TRS-10 measurements with irradiation and reception probes 3 cm apart significantly correlated with PET measurements around gray matter [20]. We therefore set the distance between the irradiation and reception probes at 3 cm outside the infrared reception port on the optode.

2.4. Cerebral Blood Hemoglobin Concentration Measurements Protocol

Based on previous studies [21,22,23,24], we measured forehead tHb, HbO2, and deoxyHb within 72 h (first measurement) and 7–10 days (second measurement) after AIS onset. After placing probes on the forehead, the participant laid on his/her back. Data were collected every 10 s for 5 min at each HOB angle (0°, 30°, 0°) sequentially. At each HOB angle, the mean tHb, HbO2, and deoxyHb values were calculated after discarding data obtained during the first minute, because it took 15 s to change the HOB position of the bed. Because the TRS-10 system has a single channel, two consecutive measurements were conducted in each participant. We first measured forehead tHb, HbO2, and deoxyHb on the contra-infarct side and then on the infarct side. Systemic blood pressure and heart rate were also measured for 1 min in each position using an automatic hemodynamometer (HBP1300; Omron Corp., Tokyo, Japan).

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Values are expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD) or medians (interquartile range) (nonparametrically distributed values) of the indicated numbers or proportions (%). Changes in systemic blood pressure, heart rate, tHb, HbO2, and deoxyHb were compared with the baseline (HOB 0°). These measurement values at HOB 30° were compared with those at HOB 0° using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Correlations between the infarct and contra-infarct sides for each measurement were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The significance of the difference between the two correlation coefficients was evaluated using the Fisher r-to-z transformation. p < 0.05 was regarded as indicating statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed using PASW Statistics version 18.0.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) and Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Co., Redmond, WA, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Study Participants’ Characteristics

Altogether, 32 AIS patients met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled. Two participants died before the second measurements and were excluded from the analyses. The participants’ characteristics are shown in Table 1.

3.2. Changes in Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, tHb, HbO2, and deoxyHb with HOB Elevation

Table 2 shows the changes in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures and the heart rate in response to HOB elevations from 0° to 30°. These HOB elevations did not affect any hemodynamic parameters. There were also no intraindividual differences in the SBP or heart rate at baseline measurements (HOB 0°) at each measurement session (first measurement: SBP (p = 0.74), DBP (p = 0.87), heart rate (p = 0.94); second measurement: SBP (p = 0.83), DBP (p = 0.94), heart rate (p = 0.30).

3.3. Changes in Cerebral Hemoglobin Concentrations with HOB Elevation

Figure 1 shows the time-series changes in the tHb in response to HOB manipulation. Changes in the tHb showed large interindividual differences, which were also observed in the changes in the HbO2 and deoxyHb (Figure 2; Figure 3). There were no significant differences in the ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, or ΔdeoxyHb on either the infarct or the contra-infarct side between the two measurements.

3.4. Correlations of Hemoglobin Concentration Changes with HOB Elevation between Measurements

Figure 4 shows the correlations of the ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb in response to HOB elevation between the first and second measurements for each hemisphere. The first measurements of the ΔtHb and ΔHbO2 were significantly correlated with those at the second measurements for either hemisphere (ΔtHb: contra-infarct side (r = 0.569, p = 0.020), infarct side (r = 0.408, p = 0.028); ΔHbO2: contra-infarct side (r = 0.576, p = 0.020), infarct side (r = 0.378, p = 0.042)). Although correlation coefficients in the contra-infarct side seemed to indicate a stronger relation than those in the infarct side, there were no statistically significant differences for ΔtHb or ΔHbO2 (ΔtHb (z = 0.772, p = 0.441); ΔHbO2 (z = 0.955, p = 0.342)), ΔdeoxyHb did not show a significant correlation between the first and second measurements (contra-infarct side (z = 0.024, p = 0.896); infarct side (z = 0.176, p = 0.345)).

3.5. Correlations of Hemoglobin Concentration Changes with HOB Elevation between Infarct and Contra-Infarct Sides

Figure 5 shows the correlations of ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb in response to HOB elevation between the infarct and contra-infarct sides. At the first measurement, ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb measured on the contra-infarct side did not correlate with those on the infarct side (ΔtHb (r = 0.114, p = 0.539), ΔHbO2 (r = 0.143, p = 0.440); ΔdeoxyHb (r = 0.227, p = 0.221)) (Figure 5A–C). Notably, the correlation coefficients of ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb values between the infarct and contra-infarct sides at the second measurement were statistically significant, except for ΔdeoxyHb (ΔtHb (r = 0.491, p = 0.008); ΔHbO2 (r = 0.479, p = 0.010); ΔdeoxyHb (r = 0.358, p = 0.054)) (Figure 5D–F).

4. Discussion

We believe that this is the first study to assess the effect of gradual HOB manipulation (from 0° to 30°) of forehead hemoglobin concentration in AIS patients, revealed by two measurements using NIRS. There were three main findings of this investigation. (1) The HOB elevation from 0° to 30° did not affect systemic blood pressure or heart rate. ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb also did not change in response to HOB elevation, although large interindividual variabilities were observed. (2) ΔtHb and ΔHbO2 in response to HOB elevation measured within 72 h of AIS onset showed significant correlations with those measured 7–10 days after AIS onset in both hemispheres. (3) Although ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb measured on the infarct side did not correlate with those measured on the contra-infarct side within 72 h of AIS onset, the correlation coefficients of these NIRS parameters were significantly correlated between the hemispheres 7–10 days after AIS onset.
It is known that CBF velocity (CBFV) and the total cerebral Hb concentration are reduced in head-up position of healthy subjects and chronic ischemic stroke patients. Furthermore, decreases in CBVF and cerebral Hb concentration could be affected by a drop in systemic blood pressure [5,25,26,27]. In this study, the average blood pressure and heart rate did not change with HOB elevation from 0° to 30°. Neither were there changes in the cohort-averaged tHb, HbO2, and deoxyHb concentrations for either hemisphere over two measurements. However, as shown in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, changes in tHb, HbO2, and deoxyHb showed large differences among individuals. Approximately half of our study patients showed increased cerebral hemoglobin concentrations (the so-called paradoxical response) in response to HOB elevation for either hemisphere over the two measurements. This paradoxical response phenomenon was in line with previous reports that evaluated the effect of head-position changes on cerebral oxygenation in AIS patients [7,16,17]. Several previous studies reported that the paradoxical response was also seen in brain-injured patients but not healthy subjects, suggesting that it is pathological [11,28,29,30]. Although details of the mechanism of the paradoxical response are still unknown, an increasing intracranial pressure, the hemodynamic consequences of heart failure, and an autonomic disturbance have been proposed as causes [17]. Considerably varying individual cerebral oxygenation responses, including the paradoxical response, could explain why the cohort-averaged ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb concentrations did not change in response to HOB elevation.
Correlations of ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb concentrations in response to HOB elevation between the infarct and contra-infarct sides had not been reported prior to this study. Thus, we seem to be the first to show that the ΔtHb and ΔHbO2 measurements within 72 h of AIS onset significantly correlated with those 7–10 days after AIS onset for either hemisphere. Notably, although the ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb, in response to HOB elevation, did not show a significant correlation between hemispheres within 72 h of AIS onset, correlations of the ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb 7–10 days after onset were statistically significant. Although we could not clarify the mechanism of this alteration, various possible explanations are assumed. Changes in cerebral oxygenation variables in response to HOB manipulation reflected CBF volume change. It could be related with gravitational force acting on passively contacted brain vessels in the ischemic territory [31]. It is also possible that systemic hemodynamics changes affect CBF; however, the HOB elevation from 0° to 30° did not affect systemic blood pressure or heart rate. A previous study, which measured cerebral mean flow velocity by TCD, suggested that the effect of BP change in response to head position change was equivocal [31,32,33]. In the current study, HOB elevations did not affect SBP, DBP, or HR, and no intraindividual differences in the SBP or heart rate at baseline measurements (HOB 0°) was observed at each measurement session. While cardiac output or stroke volume of the left ventricle was not measured, we thought that the effect of systemic hemodynamics changes could be limited. It is well-recognized that the brain edema is one of the lethal complications for AIS patients, and it causes a decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure through an increased intracranial pressure (ICP) [34]. Although we did not include AIS patients who received surgical decompression for severe brain edema (because of unsuitability of applying a probe to the forehead) and two participants who died before second measurement (suspected brain edema) were excluded from the analyses, the possibility that a raised ICP could affect the changes in ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb on the infarct side in response to HOB elevation could not be denied because we did not monitor the ICP in our participants. Development of collateral circulation also affected the changes in ΔtHb, ΔHbO2, and ΔdeoxyHb on the infarct side in response to HOB elevation. Our study participants received magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at the time of admission and 7–10 days after stroke onset. MRA often cannot provide information about the collateral circulation of AIS patients in clinical settings because of motion artifacts and its spatial resolution, whereas recent development of MRA can detect collateral circulation in research settings [35,36]. Furthermore, our study participants did not receive cerebral angiography because they had no indication of thrombolytic therapy at the time of admission. Thus, detailed information of collateral circulation is not available in the current study. Another possible mechanism is the alteration of cerebral autoregulation in AIS patients. Cerebral autoregulation is an inherent process of blood vessels that maintains CBF at a constant level over a wide range of changes in the systemic blood pressure or intracranial pressure. It has been generally accepted that cerebral autoregulation is impaired in patients with AIS [37,38]. Conventionally, TCD has often been used to measure the CBFV to assess cerebral autoregulation [39], and mean flow velocity index of dynamic autoregulation (Mx index) was established as a standard parameter [40,41]. Recent literature; however, has reported that cerebral oxygenation parameters measured by NIRS (e.g., cerebral oxygen saturation, cerebral oxygenation index) are considered surrogates of CBF [42,43,44,45]. In addition, it was reported that the NIRS-derived tHb signal reflects regional changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV), and HbO2 correlates with cerebral capillary oxygen saturation [20,46,47,48]. Steiner, L. A. and colleagues demonstrated that tissue oxygen index of dynamic autoregulation (Tox) measured by NIRS (NIRO 200, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.) significantly correlated with the Mx index [41]. Although NIRS is useful for cerebral autoregulation assessment, we could not make mention of the relationship between our results and cerebral autoregulation. We could not calculate the Tox index because we did not measure continuous blood pressure, and TRS-10 could not directly measure the tissue oxygen index. The literature suggests that AIS severity could influence the degree of spatiotemporal compromise of cerebral autoregulation [21,24,49]. Tutaj et al. reported that cerebral autoregulation was transiently impaired at an infarct hemisphere 1.3 ± 0.5 days after the onset of a large-vessel AIS, recovered at 9.75 ± 2.2 days—which could be in line with our findings [21]. Thus, we speculated the possibility that our findings might have been caused, at least in part, by transient changes in cerebral autoregulation. We need to conduct further studies to clarify whether current findings are induced by transient impairment of cerebral autoregulation.
This study has several limitations. The monitored systemic blood pressure and heart rate were not beat-to-beat measurements. Thus, we could not detect a transient drop in blood pressure in response to HOB manipulation. Lam et al. reported that the blood pressure may show a steep drop in response to gradual changes in head position (supine to 30°), although a blood pressure decline was observed in the head-up state [50]. Furthermore, the CBV paralleled blood pressure in the head-up position. These results supported our findings that neither blood pressure nor cerebral oxygenation parameters changed in response to HOB manipulation, at least according to the cohort-averaged assessment. Second, two consecutive NIRS measurements were needed for each participant because the TRS-10 system had only a single channel. Thus, we could not evaluate the cerebral oxygenation changes on the infarct and contra-infarct sides simultaneously. Furthermore, we could investigate forehead blood volume only within a narrow range of the prefrontal cortex. Multi-channel NIRS is currently in mainstream use and should be adopted in future studies to understand fluctuations in cerebral oxygenation in the entire brain in response to postural change. Third, we did not measure either endotidal carbon dioxide tension (EtCO2) or partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). It is known that CBF is influenced by CO2, and hypercapnia dilates cerebral arteries and arterioles and increased blood flow, whereas hypocapnia causes vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow [51,52]. Indeed, Kim, Y.S. et al. reported that orthostatic manipulation decreases EtCO2 from 40 mmHg to 35 mg in elder subjects [26]. Therefore, we cannot exclude that pCO2 could also affect NIRS metrics. Fourth, we did not assess cerebral autoregulation or differences in the CBV responses among NIRS and other modalities (e.g., TCD, PET). Thus, we could not offer reasons why a statistically significant correlation of changes in cerebral oxygenation parameters between each hemisphere in response to HOB manipulation was found at 7–10 days after AIS onset but not within 72 h.

5. Conclusions

HOB manipulation from 0° to 30° did not affect cohort-averaged hemodynamic parameters. The cohort-averaged cerebral oxygenation parameters also did not change in response to HOB elevation, although large interindividual cerebral oxygenation changes were seen. Although changes in cerebral oxygenation in response to HOB elevation had a laterality difference between the hemispheres within 72 h of AIS onset, the difference decreased, at least partially, 7–10 days after AIS onset, and this could have suggested a sign of cerebral blood flow recovery. These findings suggest that HOB 30° within 72 h might not always be a preferred head position in AIS patients. Further studies are needed to establish the safety and efficacy of NIRS-guided neurological rehabilitation in AIS in the future.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, N.K., K.O and A.H.; formal analysis, N.K.; investigation, N.K.; methodology, N.K. and K.O.; project administration, K.O.; resources, H.W.; supervision, N.I., K.Y. and H.W.; visualization, N.K.; writing—original draft preparation N.K.; writing—review and editing. K.O. and H.W.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from Daiichi-Sankyo Pharmaceuticals. The funding source had no role in the collection, analysis, interpretation, or report of the data.

Acknowledgments

We thank Nancy Schatken, BS, MT(ASCP), from Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com/ac), for editing a draft of this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Murray, C.J.; Vos, T.; Lozano, R.; Naghavi, M.; Flaxman, A.D.; Michaud, C.; Ezzati, M.; Shibuya, K.; Salomon, J.A.; Abdalla, S.; et al. Disability-adjusted life years (dalys) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380, 2197–2223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Powers, W.J.; Rabinstein, A.A.; Ackerson, T.; Adeoye, O.M.; Bambakidis, N.C.; Becker, K.; Biller, J.; Brown, M.; Demaerschalk, B.M.; Hoh, B.; et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke 2018, 49, e46–e110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Winstein, C.J.; Stein, J.; Arena, R.; Bates, B.; Cherney, L.R.; Cramer, S.C.; Deruyter, F.; Eng, J.J.; Fisher, B.; Harvey, R.L.; et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke 2016, 47, e98–e169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. AVERT Trial Collaboration group. Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (avert): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015, 386, 46–55. [Google Scholar]
  5. Mehagnoul-Schipper, D.J.; Vloet, L.C.; Colier, W.N.; Hoefnagels, W.H.; Jansen, R.W. Cerebral oxygenation declines in healthy elderly subjects in response to assuming the upright position. Stroke 2000, 31, 1615–1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Tyson, S.F.; Nightingale, P. The effects of position on oxygen saturation in acute stroke: A systematic review. Clin. Rehabil. 2004, 18, 863–871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Hargroves, D.; Tallis, R.; Pomeroy, V.; Bhalla, A. The influence of positioning upon cerebral oxygenation after acute stroke: A pilot study. Age ageing 2008, 37, 581–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Olavarria, V.V.; Arima, H.; Anderson, C.S.; Brunser, A.M.; Munoz-Venturelli, P.; Heritier, S.; Lavados, P.M. Head position and cerebral blood flow velocity in acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2014, 37, 401–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Anderson, C.S.; Arima, H.; Lavados, P.; Billot, L.; Hackett, M.L.; Olavarria, V.V.; Munoz Venturelli, P.; Brunser, A.; Peng, B.; Cui, L.; et al. Cluster-randomized, crossover trial of head positioning in acute stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 2017, 376, 2437–2447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Herold, F.; Wiegel, P.; Scholkmann, F.; Muller, N.G. Applications of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fnirs) neuroimaging in exercise(-)cognition science: A systematic, methodology-focused review. J. Clin. Med. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Kim, M.N.; Edlow, B.L.; Durduran, T.; Frangos, S.; Mesquita, R.C.; Levine, J.M.; Greenberg, J.H.; Yodh, A.G.; Detre, J.A. Continuous optical monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics during head-of-bed manipulation in brain-injured adults. Neurocrit. Care 2014, 20, 443–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Harrer, M.; Waldenberger, F.R.; Weiss, G.; Folkmann, S.; Gorlitzer, M.; Moidl, R.; Grabenwoeger, M. Aortic arch surgery using bilateral antegrade selective cerebral perfusion in combination with near-infrared spectroscopy. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2010, 38, 561–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Ogino, H.; Ueda, Y.; Sugita, T.; Morioka, K.; Sakakibara, Y.; Matsubayashi, K.; Nomoto, T. Monitoring of regional cerebral oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy during continuous retrograde cerebral perfusion for aortic arch surgery. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1998, 14, 415–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Weindling, A.M. Peripheral oxygenation and management in the perinatal period. Semin. Fetal Neonatal. Med. 2010, 15, 208–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Aries, M.J.; Elting, J.W.; Stewart, R.; De Keyser, J.; Kremer, B.; Vroomen, P. Cerebral blood flow velocity changes during upright positioning in bed after acute stroke: An observational study. BMJ Open 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Favilla, C.G.; Mesquita, R.C.; Mullen, M.; Durduran, T.; Lu, X.; Kim, M.N.; Minkoff, D.L.; Kasner, S.E.; Greenberg, J.H.; Yodh, A.G.; et al. Optical bedside monitoring of cerebral blood flow in acute ischemic stroke patients during head-of-bed manipulation. Stroke 2014, 45, 1269–1274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Durduran, T.; Zhou, C.; Edlow, B.L.; Yu, G.; Choe, R.; Kim, M.N.; Cucchiara, B.L.; Putt, M.E.; Shah, Q.; Kasner, S.E.; et al. Transcranial optical monitoring of cerebrovascular hemodynamics in acute stroke patients. Opt. express 2009, 17, 3884–3902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Patterson, M.S.; Chance, B.; Wilson, B.C. Time resolved reflectance and transmittance for the non-invasive measurement of tissue optical properties. Appl. Opt. 1989, 28, 2331–2336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Sato, C.; Yamaguchi, T.; Seida, M.; Ota, Y.; Yu, I.; Iguchi, Y.; Nemoto, M.; Hoshi, Y. Intraoperative monitoring of depth-dependent hemoglobin concentration changes during carotid endarterectomy by time-resolved spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 2007, 46, 2785–2792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Ohmae, E.; Ouchi, Y.; Oda, M.; Suzuki, T.; Nobesawa, S.; Kanno, T.; Yoshikawa, E.; Futatsubashi, M.; Ueda, Y.; Okada, H.; et al. Cerebral hemodynamics evaluation by near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy: Correlation with simultaneous positron emission tomography measurements. NeuroImage 2006, 29, 697–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Tutaj, M.; Miller, M.; Krakowska-Stasiak, M.; Piatek, A.; Hebda, J.; Latka, M.; Strojny, J.; Szczudlik, A.; Slowik, A. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation is compromised in ischaemic stroke of undetermined aetiology only in the non-affected hemisphere. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 2014, 48, 91–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Petersen, N.H.; Ortega-Gutierrez, S.; Reccius, A.; Masurkar, A.; Huang, A.; Marshall, R.S. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation is transiently impaired for one week after large-vessel acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2015, 39, 144–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Panerai, R.B.; Jara, J.L.; Saeed, N.P.; Horsfield, M.A.; Robinson, T.G. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation following acute ischaemic stroke: Comparison of transcranial doppler and magnetic resonance imaging techniques. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2016, 36, 2194–2202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Ma, H.; Guo, Z.N.; Jin, H.; Yan, X.; Liu, J.; Lv, S.; Zhang, P.; Sun, X.; Yang, Y. Preliminary study of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in acute ischemic stroke: Association with clinical factors. Front Neurol. 2018, 9, 1006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Novak, V.; Hu, K.; Desrochers, L.; Novak, P.; Caplan, L.; Lipsitz, L.; Selim, M. Cerebral flow velocities during daily activities depend on blood pressure in patients with chronic ischemic infarctions. Stroke 2010, 41, 61–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Kim, Y.S.; Bogert, L.W.; Immink, R.V.; Harms, M.P.; Colier, W.N.; van Lieshout, J.J. Effects of aging on the cerebrovascular orthostatic response. Neurobiol. Aging 2011, 32, 344–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Mehagnoul-Schipper, D.J.; Colier, W.N.; Jansen, R.W. Reproducibility of orthostatic changes in cerebral oxygenation in healthy subjects aged 70 years or older. Clin. Physiol. 2001, 21, 77–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Chieregato, A.; Tanfani, A.; Compagnone, C.; Pascarella, R.; Targa, L.; Fainardi, E. Cerebral blood flow in traumatic contusions is predominantly reduced after an induced acute elevation of cerebral perfusion pressure. Neurosurgery 2007, 60, 115–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Jaeger, M.; Schuhmann, M.U.; Soehle, M.; Nagel, C.; Meixensberger, J. Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular autoregulation after subarachnoid hemorrhage by brain tissue oxygen pressure reactivity and its relation to delayed cerebral infarction. Stroke 2007, 38, 981–986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Gatto, R.; Hoffman, W.; Paisansathan, C.; Mantulin, W.; Gratton, E.; Charbel, F.T. Effect of age on brain oxygenation regulation during changes in position. J. Neurosci. Methods 2007, 164, 308–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Wojner-Alexander, A.W.; Garami, Z.; Chernyshev, O.Y.; Alexandrov, A.V. Heads down: Flat positioning improves blood flow velocity in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2005, 64, 1354–1357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Wojner, A.W.; El-Mitwalli, A.; Alexandrov, A.V. Effect of head positioning on intracranial blood flow velocities in acute ischemic stroke: A pilot study. Crit. Care Nurs. Q. 2002, 24, 57–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Hunter, A.J.; Snodgrass, S.J.; Quain, D.; Parsons, M.W.; Levi, C.R. Hoboe (head-of-bed optimization of elevation) study: Association of higher angle with reduced cerebral blood flow velocity in acute ischemic stroke. Phys. Ther. 2011, 91, 1503–1512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Bevers, M.B.; Kimberly, W.T. Critical care management of acute ischemic stroke. Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med. 2017, 19, 41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Boujan, T.; Neuberger, U.; Pfaff, J.; Nagel, S.; Herweh, C.; Bendszus, M.; Mohlenbruch, M.A. Value of contrast-enhanced mra versus time-of-flight mra in acute ischemic stroke mri. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2018, 39, 1710–1716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Bang, O.Y.; Goyal, M.; Liebeskind, D.S. Collateral circulation in ischemic stroke: Assessment tools and therapeutic strategies. Stroke 2015, 46, 3302–3309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Markus, H.S. Cerebral perfusion and stroke. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2004, 75, 353–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Dohmen, C.; Bosche, B.; Graf, R.; Reithmeier, T.; Ernestus, R.I.; Brinker, G.; Sobesky, J.; Heiss, W.D. Identification and clinical impact of impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 2007, 38, 56–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Aaslid, R.; Lindegaard, K.F.; Sorteberg, W.; Nornes, H. Cerebral autoregulation dynamics in humans. Stroke 1989, 20, 45–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Czosnyka, M.; Smielewski, P.; Kirkpatrick, P.; Menon, D.K.; Pickard, J.D. Monitoring of cerebral autoregulation in head-injured patients. Stroke 1996, 27, 1829–1834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Steiner, L.A.; Pfister, D.; Strebel, S.P.; Radolovich, D.; Smielewski, P.; Czosnyka, M. Near-infrared spectroscopy can monitor dynamic cerebral autoregulation in adults. Neurocrit. Care 2009, 10, 122–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Brady, K.M.; Lee, J.K.; Kibler, K.K.; Smielewski, P.; Czosnyka, M.; Easley, R.B.; Koehler, R.C.; Shaffner, D.H. Continuous time-domain analysis of cerebrovascular autoregulation using near-infrared spectroscopy. Stroke 2007, 38, 2818–2825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Brady, K.; Joshi, B.; Zweifel, C.; Smielewski, P.; Czosnyka, M.; Easley, R.B.; Hogue, C.W., Jr. Real-time continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow autoregulation using near-infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Stroke 2010, 41, 1951–1956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Moerman, A.; De Hert, S. Recent advances in cerebral oximetry. Assessment of cerebral autoregulation with near-infrared spectroscopy: Myth or reality? F1000Res 2017, 6, 1615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Rivera-Lara, L.; Geocadin, R.; Zorrilla-Vaca, A.; Healy, R.; Radzik, B.R.; Palmisano, C.; Mirski, M.; Ziai, W.C.; Hogue, C. Validation of near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring cerebral autoregulation in comatose patients. Neurocrit. Care 2017, 27, 362–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Rostrup, E.; Law, I.; Pott, F.; Ide, K.; Knudsen, G.M. Cerebral hemodynamics measured with simultaneous pet and near-infrared spectroscopy in humans. Brain Res. 2002, 954, 183–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Claassen, J.A.; Colier, W.N.; Jansen, R.W. Reproducibility of cerebral blood volume measurements by near infrared spectroscopy in 16 healthy elderly subjects. Physiol. Meas. 2006, 27, 255–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Rasmussen, P.; Dawson, E.A.; Nybo, L.; van Lieshout, J.J.; Secher, N.H.; Gjedde, A. Capillary-oxygenation-level-dependent near-infrared spectrometry in frontal lobe of humans. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2007, 27, 1082–1093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Xiong, L.; Tian, G.; Lin, W.; Wang, W.; Wang, L.; Leung, T.; Mok, V.; Liu, J.; Chen, X.; Wong, K.S. Is dynamic cerebral autoregulation bilaterally impaired after unilateral acute ischemic stroke? J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2017, 26, 1081–1087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Lam, M.Y.; Haunton, V.J.; Robinson, T.G.; Panerai, R.B. Does gradual change in head positioning affect cerebrovascular physiology? Physiol. Rep. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Kety, S.S.; Schmidt, C.F. The effects of altered arterial tensions of carbon dioxide and oxygen on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption of normal young men. J. Clin. Invest. 1948, 27, 484–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Reivich, M. Arterial pco2 and cerebral hemodynamics. Am. J. Physiol. 1964, 206, 25–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Figure 1. Time-series changes in the cerebral total hemoglobin (tHb) concentration in response to head-of-bed manipulation (from 0° to 30°) for 30 participants within 72 h of onset of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) (first measurement) on the contra-infarct (contralateral) side (A) and infarct side (B) and those measured 7–10 days after onset of AIS (second measurement) on the contra-infarct side (C) and infarct side (D).
Figure 1. Time-series changes in the cerebral total hemoglobin (tHb) concentration in response to head-of-bed manipulation (from 0° to 30°) for 30 participants within 72 h of onset of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) (first measurement) on the contra-infarct (contralateral) side (A) and infarct side (B) and those measured 7–10 days after onset of AIS (second measurement) on the contra-infarct side (C) and infarct side (D).
Jcm 08 01739 g001
Figure 2. Time-series changes in the cerebral oxygenated-hemoglobin (HbO2) concentration in response to head-of-bed manipulation for 30 participants within 72 h of AIS onset (first measurement) on the contra-infarct side (A) and infarct side (B) and those measured 7–10 days after AIS onset (second measurement) on the contra-infarct side (C) and infarct side (D).
Figure 2. Time-series changes in the cerebral oxygenated-hemoglobin (HbO2) concentration in response to head-of-bed manipulation for 30 participants within 72 h of AIS onset (first measurement) on the contra-infarct side (A) and infarct side (B) and those measured 7–10 days after AIS onset (second measurement) on the contra-infarct side (C) and infarct side (D).
Jcm 08 01739 g002
Figure 3. Time-series changes in the cerebral deoxygenated-hemoglobin (deoxyHb) concentration in response to head-of-bed manipulation for 30 participants within 72 h of AIS onset (first measurement) on the contra-infarct side (A) and infarct side (B) and those measured 7–10 days after onset of AIS (second measurement) on the contra-infarct side (C) and infarct side (D).
Figure 3. Time-series changes in the cerebral deoxygenated-hemoglobin (deoxyHb) concentration in response to head-of-bed manipulation for 30 participants within 72 h of AIS onset (first measurement) on the contra-infarct side (A) and infarct side (B) and those measured 7–10 days after onset of AIS (second measurement) on the contra-infarct side (C) and infarct side (D).
Jcm 08 01739 g003
Figure 4. Scatterplots of the changes in total-hemoglobin (tHb) (A and B), oxygenated-hemoglobin (HbO2) (C and D), and deoxygenated-hemoglobin (deoxyHb) (E and F) concentrations in response to head-of-bed elevation (from 0° to 30°) between the first and second measurements for each hemisphere.
Figure 4. Scatterplots of the changes in total-hemoglobin (tHb) (A and B), oxygenated-hemoglobin (HbO2) (C and D), and deoxygenated-hemoglobin (deoxyHb) (E and F) concentrations in response to head-of-bed elevation (from 0° to 30°) between the first and second measurements for each hemisphere.
Jcm 08 01739 g004
Figure 5. Scatterplots of the changes in total-hemoglobin (tHB), oxygenated-hemoglobin (HbO2), and deoxygenated-hemoglobin (deoxyHb) concentrations in response to head-of-bed elevation (from 0° to 30°) at the first (AC) and second (DF) measurements for each hemisphere.
Figure 5. Scatterplots of the changes in total-hemoglobin (tHB), oxygenated-hemoglobin (HbO2), and deoxygenated-hemoglobin (deoxyHb) concentrations in response to head-of-bed elevation (from 0° to 30°) at the first (AC) and second (DF) measurements for each hemisphere.
Jcm 08 01739 g005
Table 1. Patients’ characteristics.
Table 1. Patients’ characteristics.
CharacteristicValue
Age, year72.8 ± 11.3
Female sex, n (%)13 (43.3)
Height (cm)158.0 ± 11.6
Body weight (kg)56.0 ± 14.4
Body mass index (kg/m2)22.1 ± 3.1
Stroke side (right/left)11/19
NIHSS score7.6 ± 4.9
TOAST classification, n (%)
Large-artery atherosclerosis10 (33.3)
Small-vessel occlusion10 (33.3)
Cardioembolism6 (20.0)
Stroke of other determined etiology4 (13.3)
Stroke of undetermined etiology0 (0)
Vascular territorial segmentation, n (%)
Anterior cerebral artery6 (20.0)
Middle cerebral artery17 (56.7)
Posterior cerebral artery 7 (20.3)
Medical history n (%)
Hypertension18 (60.0)
Diabetes mellitus8 (26.7)
Dyslipidemia22 (73.3)
Chronic atrial fibrillation4 (13.3)
Tobacco use12 (40.0)
Data are expressed as means ± Standard deviation unless otherwise stated; TOAST—Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment; NIHSS—National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
Table 2. Comparisons of the systemic blood pressure and heart rate in response to HOB manipulation.
Table 2. Comparisons of the systemic blood pressure and heart rate in response to HOB manipulation.
ParametersItem MeasuredHOB 0°HOB 30°Differencep
First Measurement
Contra-infarct SidesBP (mmHg)137.6 ± 20.9137.7 ± 19.80.1 ± 4.10.90
dBP(mmHg)75.9 ± 11.776.9 ± 10.61.0 ± 5.40.91
HR (bpm)73.5 ± 10.473.5 ± 9.70.0 ± 3.50.95
Infarct SidesBP (mmHg)137.9 ± 20.6137.3 ± 19.8−0.6 ± 3.70.39
dBP (mmHg)75.9 ± 11.276.4 ± 10.90.5 ± 4.60.63
HR (bpm)73.6 ± 11.073.4 ± 11.4−0.2 ± 3.60.86
Second Measurement
Contra-Infarct SidesBP (mmHg)128.9 ± 16.5129.8 ±15.00.9 ± 5.10.53
dBP (mmHg)71.0 ± 9.071.1 ± 8.60.0 ± 3.90.51
HR (bpm)75.6 ± 8.176.5 ± 7.80.9 ± 3.90.36
Infarct SidesBP (mmHg)129.5 ± 15.1128.7 ± 15.6−0.8 ±5.30.10
dBP (mmHg)71.0 ± 8.470.3 ± 8.3−0.7 ± 4.60.24
HR (bpm)74.8 ± 8.475.1 ± 7.70.3 ± 3.10.21
Data are expressed as means ± Standard deviation; HOB—head-of-bed, sBP—systolic blood pressure; dBP—diastolic blood pressure; HR—heart rate; bpm—beats per minute; mmHg—millimeters of mercury.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Katayama, N.; Odagiri, K.; Hakamata, A.; Inui, N.; Yamauchi, K.; Watanabe, H. Transient Laterality of Cerebral Oxygenation Changes in Response to Head-of-Bed Manipulation in Acute Ischemic Stroke. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101739

AMA Style

Katayama N, Odagiri K, Hakamata A, Inui N, Yamauchi K, Watanabe H. Transient Laterality of Cerebral Oxygenation Changes in Response to Head-of-Bed Manipulation in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(10):1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101739

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katayama, Naoki, Keiichi Odagiri, Akio Hakamata, Naoki Inui, Katsuya Yamauchi, and Hiroshi Watanabe. 2019. "Transient Laterality of Cerebral Oxygenation Changes in Response to Head-of-Bed Manipulation in Acute Ischemic Stroke" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 10: 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101739

APA Style

Katayama, N., Odagiri, K., Hakamata, A., Inui, N., Yamauchi, K., & Watanabe, H. (2019). Transient Laterality of Cerebral Oxygenation Changes in Response to Head-of-Bed Manipulation in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(10), 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101739

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop