Psychopathological Symptoms and Gaming Motives in Disordered Gaming—A Psychometric Comparison between the WHO and APA Diagnostic Frameworks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Psychological Motives in Gaming-Behaviors
1.2. Gaming Motives and Psychopathological Symptoms among Gamers
1.3. The Current Study
2. Methods
2.1. Data Cleaning and Management
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Sociodemographic and Gaming-Related Variables
2.2.2. Disordered Gaming
Gaming Motives
Psychopathological Symptoms
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Comparative Prevalence Rates Analyses
3.2. Examining the Mediational Role of Gaming Motives in the Relationship between Psychopathological Symptoms and GD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | 1429 |
---|---|
Gender (Male, %) | 1229 (80) |
Age, Years (Mean, SD) | 29.74 (12.37) |
Relationship Status (in a Relationship, %) | 749 (52.41) |
Employment Status (Unemployed, %) | 986 (68.99) |
Time Spent Gaming on Weekdays (Mean, SD) | 19.15 (14.69) |
Time Spent Gaming on Weekends (%) | 42 |
Preferred Mode of Play (online, %) | 798 (55.84) |
In-game Social Membership (Participation, %) | 548 (38.34) |
Intention to Become a Professional Gamer (yes, %) | 82 (5.74) |
Experienced Significant Problems due to Gaming (yes, %) | 150 (10.5) |
Attention Problems (Mean, SD) | 6.43 (2.52) |
Depression Severity (Mean, SD) | 13.58 (4.13) |
Loneliness Severity (Mean, SD) | 6.12 (2.98) |
GD Symptom Severity (Mean, SD) | 8.46 (3.42) |
IGD Symptom Severity (Mean, SD) | 19.36 (6.62) |
GD Prevalence (n, %) | 47 (3.28) |
IGD Prevalence (n, %) | 82 (5.74) |
Item-Related Descriptive Statistics (Mean, SD) | |
GDTitem1 | 2.29 (1.04) |
GDTitem2 | 2.60 (1.09) |
GDTitem3 | 1.95 (1.09) |
GDTitem4 | 1.62 (.92) |
IGDS-SF9item1 | 2.53 (1.15) |
IGDS-SF9item2 | 1.71 (1.01) |
IGDS-SF9item3 | 1.94 (1.07) |
IGDS-SF9 item4 | 1.90 (1.06) |
IGDS-SF9 item5 | 1.89 (1.11) |
IGDS-SF9item6 | 1.83 (1.09) |
IGDS-SF9 item7 | 1.61 (.96) |
IGDS-SF9item8 | 2.21 (1.21) |
IGDS-SF9item9 | 1.34 (.80) |
GD | IGD | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct Effects | β | t-value | p-value | β | t-value | p-value |
Depression → Social | 0.37 | 11.96 | 0.001 | 0.37 | 12.03 | 0.001 |
Depression → Escape | 0.81 | 48.88 | 0.001 | 0.81 | 49.40 | 0.001 |
Depression → Competition | 0.28 | 9.78 | 0.001 | 0.28 | 9.84 | 0.001 |
Depression → Coping | 0.61 | 24.29 | 0.001 | 0.61 | 24.43 | 0.001 |
Depression → Skill development | 0.34 | 11.67 | 0.001 | 0.34 | 11.72 | 0.001 |
Depression → Fantasy | 0.62 | 26.33 | 0.001 | 0.62 | 26.57 | 0.001 |
Depression → Recreation | 0.30 | 9.67 | 0.001 | 0.30 | 9.75 | 0.001 |
Loneliness → Social | 0.17 | 5.43 | 0.001 | 0.17 | 5.50 | 0.001 |
Loneliness → Escape | 0.52 | 21.85 | 0.001 | 0.52 | 22.13 | 0.001 |
Loneliness → Competition | 0.12 | 4.26 | 0.001 | 0.13 | 4.36 | 0.001 |
Loneliness → Coping | 0.33 | 11.36 | 0.001 | 0.33 | 11.44 | 0.001 |
Loneliness → Skill development | 0.14 | 4.99 | 0.001 | 0.15 | 5.02 | 0.001 |
Loneliness → Fantasy | 0.42 | 15.93 | 0.001 | 0.42 | 16.05 | 0.001 |
Loneliness → Recreation | 0.08 | 2.59 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 2.66 | 0.01 |
Attention → Social | 0.66 | 27.37 | 0.001 | 0.66 | 27.30 | 0.001 |
Attention → Escape | 0.67 | 28.86 | 0.001 | 0.67 | 29.03 | 0.001 |
Attention → Competition | 0.51 | 20.26 | 0.001 | 0.51 | 20.23 | 0.001 |
Attention → Coping | 0.78 | 38.85 | 0.001 | 0.78 | 38.89 | 0.001 |
Attention → Skill development | 0.66 | 30.78 | 0.001 | 0.66 | 30.67 | 0.001 |
Attention → Fantasy | 0.68 | 30.19 | 0.001 | 0.68 | 30.27 | 0.001 |
Attention → Recreation | 0.65 | 28.42 | 0.001 | 0.65 | 28.35 | 0.001 |
Social → GD | 0.03 | 1.02 | 0.30 | 0.04 | 1.40 | 0.16 |
Escape → GD | 0.44 | 10.47 | 0.001 | 0.47 | 12.28 | 0.001 |
Competition → GD | 0.16 | 5.397 | 0.001 | 0.21 | 7.42 | 0.001 |
Coping → GD | 0.07 | 1.74 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 2.10 | 0.03 |
Skill development → GD | −0.09 | −2.78 | 0.005 | −0.08 | −2.76 | 0.006 |
Fantasy → GD | 0.01 | 0.035 | 0.97 | 0.05 | 1.39 | 0.16 |
Recreation → GD | −0.14 | −4.28 | 0.001 | −0.09 | −2.90 | 0.004 |
INDIRECT EFFECTS | ||||||
Depression → Social → GD | 0.01 | 1.02 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 1.38 | 0.16 |
Depression → Escape → GD | 0.36 | 9.86 | 0.001 | 0.39 | 11.43 | 0.001 |
Depression → Competition → GD | 0.04 | 4.71 | 0.001 | 0.06 | 5.93 | 0.001 |
Depression → Coping → GD | 0.04 | 1.73 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 2.08 | 0.03 |
Depression → Skill development → GD | −0.03 | −2.69 | 0.007 | −0.03 | −2.67 | 0.01 |
Depression → Fantasy → GD | 0.01 | 0.035 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 1.39 | 0.16 |
Depression → Recreation → GD | −0.04 | −3.88 | 0.001 | −0.02 | −2.77 | 0.006 |
Loneliness → Social → GD | 0.01 | 1.02 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 1.42 | 0.15 |
Loneliness → Escape → GD | 0.21 | 9.35 | 0.001 | 0.23 | 10.74 | 0.001 |
Loneliness → Competition → GD | 0.02 | 3.37 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 3.77 | 0.001 |
Loneliness → Coping → GD | 0.02 | 2.08 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2.57 | 0.01 |
Loneliness → Skill development → GD | −0.01 | −2.36 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −2.36 | 0.01 |
Loneliness → Fantasy → GD | 0.01 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.02 | 1.96 | 0.05 |
Loneliness → Recreation → GD | −0.01 | −2.24 | 0.02 | −0.01 | −2.00 | 0.04 |
Attention problems → Social → GD | 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.52 | 0.02 | 0.82 | 0.41 |
Attention problems → Escape → GD | 0.28 | 9.32 | 0.001 | 0.30 | 10.80 | 0.001 |
Attention problems → Competition → GD | 0.09 | 5.16 | 0.001 | 0.11 | 6.80 | 0.001 |
Attention problems → Coping → GD | 0.07 | 2.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 2.28 | 0.02 |
Attention problems → Skill development → GD | −0.07 | −2.84 | 0.01 | −0.07 | −2.98 | 0.003 |
Attention problems → Fantasy → GD | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.81 | 0.03 | 1.54 | 0.12 |
Attention problems → Recreation → GD | −0.11 | −4.34 | 0.001 | −0.07 | −3.23 | 0.001 |
TOTAL EFFECTS | ||||||
Depression → GD | 0.39 | 16.03 | 0.001 | 0.49 | 22.07 | 0.001 |
Loneliness → GD | 0.24 | 12.81 | 0.001 | 0.31 | 15.92 | 0.001 |
Attention → GD | 0.28 | 9.82 | 0.001 | 0.41 | 15.72 | 0.001 |
Controls | ||||||
Age → GD | −0.08 | −3.33 | 0.001 | −0.09 | −3.90 | 0.001 |
Gender → GD | −0.06 | −2.53 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −1.55 | 0.11 |
Gaming time → GD | 0.25 | 9.43 | 0.001 | 0.22 | 8.94 | 0.001 |
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Montag, C.; Schivinski, B.; Sariyska, R.; Kannen, C.; Demetrovics, Z.; Pontes, H.M. Psychopathological Symptoms and Gaming Motives in Disordered Gaming—A Psychometric Comparison between the WHO and APA Diagnostic Frameworks. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1691. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101691
Montag C, Schivinski B, Sariyska R, Kannen C, Demetrovics Z, Pontes HM. Psychopathological Symptoms and Gaming Motives in Disordered Gaming—A Psychometric Comparison between the WHO and APA Diagnostic Frameworks. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(10):1691. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101691
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontag, Christian, Bruno Schivinski, Rayna Sariyska, Christopher Kannen, Zsolt Demetrovics, and Halley M. Pontes. 2019. "Psychopathological Symptoms and Gaming Motives in Disordered Gaming—A Psychometric Comparison between the WHO and APA Diagnostic Frameworks" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 10: 1691. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101691