Specificity of Childhood Trauma Type and Attenuated Positive Symptoms in a Non-Clinical Sample
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample (n = 130) | High PLE (n = 99) | Low PLE (n = 31) | Difference (t or χ2, p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) mean (SD) | 19.68 (1.9) | 19.74 (2.09) | 19.48 (1.12) | −0.61, 52 |
Gender % (n) Male | 20% (26) | 21% (21) | 16% (5) | 0.38, 0.54 |
Ethnicity % (n) Hispanic | 0.8% (1) | 1 | 0 | 0.32, 0.57 |
Race % (n) | - | - | - | 4.36, 0.36 |
Asian | 15% (19) | 16% (16) | 10% (3) | - |
African American | 13% (17) | 11% (11) | 19% (6) | - |
Caucasian | 59% (77) | 60% (59) | 58% (18) | - |
Multiracial | 8% (10) | 9% (9) | 3% (1) | - |
Unknown | 5% (7) | 4% (4) | 10% (3) | - |
Clinical High Risk Status % (n) | 11% (14) | 14% (14) | 0% (0) | - |
Emotional Abuse M (SD) | 10.35 (5.09) | 11.32 (5.11) | 7.26 (3.62) | 4.11, <0.001 * |
None to Low | 46% (60) | 36% (36) | 77% (24) | 16.51, 0.001 * |
Low to Moderate | 22% (28) | 24% (24) | 13% (4) | |
Moderate to Severe | 13% (17) | 16% (16) | 3% (1) | |
Severe to Extreme | 19% (25) | 23% (23) | 6% (2) | |
Physical Abuse Total M (SD) | 7.15 (3.28) | 7.38 (3.40) | 6.39 (2.75) | 1.48, 0.14 |
None to Low | 69% (90) | 65% (64) | 84% (26) | 4.25, 0.236 |
Low to Moderate | 15% (20) | 17% (17) | 10% (3) | |
Moderate to Severe | 7% (9) | 8% (8) | 3% (1) | |
Severe to Extreme | 9% (11) | 10% (10) | 3% (1) | |
Sexual Abuse Total M (SD) | 6.83 (4.36) | 7.15 (4.78) | 5.81 (2.37) | 1.51, 0.14 |
None to Low | 75% (97) | 73% (73) | 77% (24) | 4.21, 0.240 |
Low to Moderate | 7% (9) | 5% (5) | 13% (4) | |
Moderate to Severe | 8% (11) | 9% (9) | 6% (2) | |
Severe to Extreme | 10% (13) | 12% (12) | 3% (1) | |
Emotional Neglect Total M (SD) | 10.08 (4.7) | 10.86 (4.76) | 7.58 (3.52) | 3.54, 0.001 * |
None to Low | 53% (69) | 46% (46) | 74% (23) | 8.442, 0.038 * |
Low to Moderate | 28% (37) | 31% (31) | 19% (6) | |
Moderate to Severe | 11% (14) | 12% (12) | 6% (2) | |
Severe to Extreme | 8% (10) | 10% (10) | 0% (0) | |
Physical Neglect Total M (SD) | 6.88 (2.6) | 7.19 (2.74) | 5.90 (1.72) | 2.47, 0.02 * |
None to Low | 69% (90) | 65% (64) | 84% (26) | 5.833, 0.120 |
Low to Moderate | 16% (21) | 19% (19) | 6% (2) | |
Moderate to Severe | 9% (12) | 9% (9) | 10% (3) | |
Severe to Extreme | 6% (7) | 7% (7) | 0% (0) | |
CTQ Total Score M (SD) | 41.29 (14.97) | 43.91 (12.59) | 32.94 (8.63) | 3.74, <0.001 * |
SIPS 1 Unusual Thought Content M (SD) (range = 0–4) | 90 (1.24) | 1.06 (1.31) | 0.39 (0.80) | 2.71, 0.01 * |
SIPS Paranoia/Delusional Ideas M (SD) (range = 0–5) | 1.15 (1.26) | 1.38 (1.27) | 0.39 (0.92) | 4.05, <0.001 * |
SIPS Grandiosity M (SD) (range = 0–4) | 0.28 (0.78) | 0.36 (0.87) | 0.03 (0.18) | 2.09, 0.04 * |
SIPS Perceptual Abnormalities M (SD) (range = 0–5) | 0.71 (1.13) | 0.85 (1.22) | 0.26 (0.63) | 2.59, 0.01 * |
SIPS Disorganized Communication M (SD) (range = 0–4) | 0.60 (0.87) | 0.70 (0.91) | 0.29 (0.64) | 2.31, 0.02 * |
PQ 2 Positive Total Score M (SD) (range = 0–38) | 16.84 (9.53) | 20.84 (6.92) | 4.06 (3.60) | 12.94, <0.001 * |
Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis % (n) | 55% (72) | 62% (61) | 36% (11) | 2.60, 0.01 * |
Depressive Disorder Diagnosis % (n) | 46% (60) | 53% (52) | 26% (8) | 2.65, 0.009 * |
Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis % (n) | 5% (7) | 7% (7) | 0% (0) | 1.52, 0.13 |
PTSD 3 Diagnosis % (n) | 13% (17) | 16% (16) | 3% (1) | 1.88, 0.06 |
OCD 4 Disorder Diagnosis % (n) | 10% (13) | 10% (10) | 10% (3) | 0.07, 0.95 |
Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnosis % (n) | 27% (35) | 27% (27) | 26% (8) | 0.16, 0.87 |
Substance Use Disorder Diagnosis % (n) | 24% (31) | 25% (25) | 19% (6) | 0.67, 0.51 |
Unusual Thought Content (UTC) | Paranoid Ideation | Grandiosity | Perceptual Disturbances | Disorganization | PA | EA | SA | EN | PN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SIPS 1 UTC | - | 0.580 ** | 0.260 ** | 0.408 ** | 0.277 ** | −0.069 | 0.003 | −0.032 | 0.118 | 0.070 |
SIPS Paranoia | - | 0.261 ** | 0.356 ** | 0.404 ** | 0.116 | 0.213 * | 0.048 | 0.315 ** | 0.107 | |
SIPS Grandiosity | - | 0.169 | 0.213 * | 0.000 | −0.006 | −0.030 | −0.035 | −0.005 | ||
SIPS Perceptual Disturbances | - | 0.410 ** | 0.030 | 0.128 | 0.006 | 0.211 * | 0.191 * | |||
SIPS Disorganization | - | 0.194 * | 0.273 ** | 0.283 ** | 0.266 ** | 0.248 ** | ||||
Physical Abuse (PA) | - | 0.586 ** | 0.353 ** | 0.341 ** | 0.311 ** | |||||
Emotional Abuse (EA) | - | 0.482 ** | 0.618 ** | 0.444 ** | ||||||
Sexual Abuse (SA) | - | 0.337 ** | 0.214 * | |||||||
Emotional Neglect (EN) | - | 0.528 ** | ||||||||
Physical Neglect (PN) | - |
Unstandardized β | SE | Standardized β | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1: Unusual Thought Content | ||||
Emotional Abuse | −0.005 | 0.016 | −0.040 | 0.771 |
Physical Abuse | −0.018 | 0.019 | −0.100 | 0.364 |
Sexual Abuse | −0.006 | 0.013 | −0.043 | 0.670 |
Emotional Neglect | 0.021 | 0.015 | 0.171 | 0.160 |
Physical Neglect | 0.008 | 0.024 | 0.038 | 0.722 |
Model 2: Paranoia/Delusional Ideas/Suspiciousness | ||||
Emotional Abuse | 0.009 | 0.015 | 0.079 | 0.549 |
Physical Abuse | 0.003 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.891 |
Sexual Abuse | −0.012 | 0.013 | −0.091 | 0.353 |
Emotional Neglect | 0.042 | 0.014 | 0.342 | 0.004 ** |
Physical Neglect | −0.021 | 0.023 | −0.094 | 0.357 |
Model 3: Grandiosity | ||||
Emotional Abuse | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.034 | 0.809 |
Physical Abuse | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.956 |
Sexual Abuse | −0.003 | 0.009 | −0.033 | 0.746 |
Emotional Neglect | −0.004 | 0.010 | −0.054 | 0.661 |
Physical Neglect | 0.002 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.898 |
Model 4: Perceptual Abnormalities/Disturbances | ||||
Emotional Abuse | 0.005 | 0.014 | 0.045 | 0.741 |
Physical Abuse | −0.010 | 0.018 | −0.063 | 0.562 |
Sexual Abuse | −0.009 | 0.012 | −0.076 | 0.451 |
Emotional Neglect | 0.019 | 0.013 | 0.169 | 0.160 |
Physical Neglect | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.118 | 0.263 |
Model 5: Disorganized Communication/Disorganization | ||||
Emotional Abuse | 0.005 | 0.012 | 0.051 | 0.695 |
Physical Abuse | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.026 | 0.806 |
Sexual Abuse | 0.020 | 0.010 | 0.191 | 0.050 * |
Emotional Neglect | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.094 | 0.413 |
Physical Neglect | 0.023 | 0.018 | 0.127 | 0.209 |
Unstandardized β | SE | Standardized β | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1: Unusual Thought Content | ||||
Emotional Abuse | −0.001 | 0.016 | −0.010 | 0.951 |
Physical Abuse | −0.014 | 0.019 | −0.088 | 0.452 |
Sexual Abuse | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.989 |
Emotional Neglect | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.108 | 0.432 |
Physical Neglect | 0.013 | 0.023 | 0.062 | 0.575 |
Model 2: Paranoia/Delusional Ideas/Suspiciousness | ||||
Emotional Abuse | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.110 | 0.465 |
Physical Abuse | 0.009 | 0.019 | 0.054 | 0.631 |
Sexual Abuse | −0.005 | 0.013 | −0.045 | 0.673 |
Emotional Neglect | 0.033 | 0.016 | 0.273 | 0.039 * |
Physical Neglect | −0.024 | 0.022 | −0.112 | 0.292 |
Model 3: Grandiosity | ||||
Emotional Abuse | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.106 | 0.502 |
Physical Abuse | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.066 | 0.572 |
Sexual Abuse | −0.002 | 0.008 | −0.025 | 0.822 |
Emotional Neglect | −0.011 | 0.010 | −0.152 | 0.268 |
Physical Neglect | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.037 | 0.738 |
Model 4: Perceptual Abnormalities/Disturbances | ||||
Emotional Abuse | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.154 | 0.323 |
Physical Abuse | −0.013 | 0.016 | −0.092 | 0.425 |
Sexual Abuse | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.955 |
Emotional Neglect | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.010 | 0.939 |
Physical Neglect | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.117 | 0.287 |
Model 5: Disorganized Communication/Disorganization | ||||
Emotional Abuse | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.135 | 0.356 |
Physical Abuse | −0.002 | 0.015 | −0.012 | 0.910 |
Sexual Abuse | 0.026 | 0.010 | 0.266 | 0.011 * |
Emotional Neglect | −0.001 | 0.012 | −0.014 | 0.913 |
Physical Neglect | 0.020 | 0.018 | 0.116 | 0.261 |
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Ered, A.; Ellman, L.M. Specificity of Childhood Trauma Type and Attenuated Positive Symptoms in a Non-Clinical Sample. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101537
Ered A, Ellman LM. Specificity of Childhood Trauma Type and Attenuated Positive Symptoms in a Non-Clinical Sample. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(10):1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101537
Chicago/Turabian StyleEred, Arielle, and Lauren M. Ellman. 2019. "Specificity of Childhood Trauma Type and Attenuated Positive Symptoms in a Non-Clinical Sample" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 10: 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101537
APA StyleEred, A., & Ellman, L. M. (2019). Specificity of Childhood Trauma Type and Attenuated Positive Symptoms in a Non-Clinical Sample. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(10), 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101537