Differential Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Members as Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Patient Characteristics
2.2. Determination of Serum APRIL and TWEAK Levels
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. TGCA-PAAD
3. Results
3.1. APRIL Serum Concentrations Are Elevated in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer
3.2. TWEAK Serum Concentrations Are Decreased in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer but Independent of the Disease Stage
3.3. TWEAK Serum Concentrations Do Not Predict Overall Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer
3.4. Tissue APRIL and TWEAK Expression as a Predictor for Patients Survival
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | |
---|---|
Number | 31 |
Sex (male/female) | 18/13 (58.1/41.9%) |
Age median (range) (years) | 59 (26–83) |
Staging | |
T1–T2–T3–T4 | 0–0–14–3 (0–0–45.2–9.7%) |
N0–N1 | 5–11 (16.1–35.5%) |
M0–M1 | 16–12 (51.6–38.7%) |
G2–G3 | 11–7 (35.5–22.6%) |
R0–R1–R2 | 9–3–1 (29.0–9.7–3.2%) |
UICC | |
I–II–III–IV | 0–17–1–12 (0–54.8–3.2–38.7%) |
ECOG | |
ECOG 0 | 11 (35.5%) |
ECOG I | 17 (54.8%) |
ECOG II | 3 (9.7%) |
ECOG III | 0 (0%) |
ECOG IV | 0 (0%) |
Fatigue | |
None | 10 (32.2%) |
Low | 1 (3.2%) |
Medium | 9 (29.0%) |
High | 11 (35.5%) |
Pain scale | |
0 | 13 (41.9%) |
1–4 | 7 (22.6%) |
5–7 | 9 (29.0%) |
8–10 | 2 (6.5%) |
CRP median (range) (mg/L) | 8.0 (0.00–134.00) |
Bilirubin median (range) (mg/L) | 0.60 (0.20–26.20) |
GGT median (range) (U/L) | 218 (21–2138) |
AP median (range) (U/L) | 167 (64–1574) |
AST median (range) (U/L) | 28 (17–202) |
ALT median (range) (U/L) | 35 (15–451) |
CEA median (range) (µg/L) | 3.5 (1.2–16.0) |
CA 19-9 median (range) (kU/L) | 46 (2–10,000) |
Creatinine median (range) (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.5–3.3) |
WBC median (range) (cells/µg) | 7.4 (5.4–10.5) |
Parameter | |
---|---|
Number | 134 |
Sex (male/female) | 76/58 (56.7/43.3%) |
Age median (range) (years) | 67.50 (26–84) |
Tumor type | |
IPMN | 8 (6%) |
PanIN | 10 (7.5%) |
PDAC | 116 (86.6%) |
Staging | |
T1–T2–T3–T4 | 2–3–66–8 (1.5–2.2–49.3–6%) |
N0–N1 | 23–52 (17.2–38.9%) |
M0–M1 | 88–36 (65.7–26.9%) |
G2–G3 | 43–33 (32.1–24.6%) |
R0–R1–R2 | 42–19–3 (31.3–14.2–2.2%) |
UICC | |
I–II–III–IV | 4–64–4–36 (3–47.8–3–26.9%) |
ECOG | |
ECOG 0 | 60 (44.8%) |
ECOG I | 44 (32.8%) |
ECOG II | 39 (29.1%) |
ECOG III | 6 (4.5%) |
ECOG IV | 1 (0.7%) |
Fatigue | |
None | 45 (33.6%) |
Low | 19 (14.1%) |
Medium | 17 (12.7%) |
High | 21 (15.7%) |
Pain scale | |
0 | 64 (47.8%) |
1–4 | 12 (9%) |
5–7 | 20 (14.9%) |
8–10 | 6 (4.5%) |
CRP median (range) (mg/L) | 7.75 (0–237) |
Bilirubin median (range) (mg/dL) | 0.57 (0.15–26.20) |
GGT median (range) (U/L) | 107 (10–2138) |
AP median (range) (U/L) | 125.5 (39–1574) |
AST median (range) (U/L) | 27 (13–418) |
ALT median (range) (U/L) | 35 (7–569) |
CEA median (range) (µg/L) | 3 (0.22–76.30) |
CA 19-9 median (range) (kU/L) | 86.15 (0.6–266,567) |
Creatinine median (range) (mg/dL) | 0.82 (0.4–53.0) |
WBC median (range) (cells/µL) | 7.4 (2.7–23.30) |
Parameter | r | p |
---|---|---|
AST | −0.084 | 0.336 |
ALT | −0.188 | 0.89 |
WBC | 0.062 | 0.477 |
Bilirubin | −0.179 | 0.04 |
GGT | −0.212 | 0.022 |
AP | −0.298 | 0.001 |
Albumin | 0.338 | 0.008 |
CRP | −0.242 | 0.010 |
Creatinine | 0.085 | 0.333 |
CEA | −0.050 | 0.664 |
CA 19-9 | −0.072 | 0.507 |
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Share and Cite
Pombeiro, I.; Loosen, S.H.; Roy, S.; Schueller, F.; Niewenhuisen, L.; Luedde, M.; Vucur, M.; Tacke, F.; Binnebösel, M.; Schoening, W.; Trautwein, C.; Luedde, T.; Neumann, U.P.; Roderburg, C. Differential Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Members as Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070175
Pombeiro I, Loosen SH, Roy S, Schueller F, Niewenhuisen L, Luedde M, Vucur M, Tacke F, Binnebösel M, Schoening W, Trautwein C, Luedde T, Neumann UP, Roderburg C. Differential Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Members as Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(7):175. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070175
Chicago/Turabian StylePombeiro, Ines, Sven H. Loosen, Sanchari Roy, Florian Schueller, Lukas Niewenhuisen, Mark Luedde, Mihael Vucur, Frank Tacke, Marcel Binnebösel, Wenzel Schoening, Christian Trautwein, Tom Luedde, Ulf Peter Neumann, and Christoph Roderburg. 2018. "Differential Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Members as Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer" Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 7: 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070175