Association between Urinary Calcium Excretion and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Single-center Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Ethical Approval
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables and Parameters | Over All (n = 89) | Non-Progressed (n = 44) | Progressed (n = 45) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 63 ± 11 | 59 ± 12 | 67 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
sex, male (%) | 45 (51) | 26 (59) | 19 (42) | 0.140 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 4.50 | 25.3 ± 5.1 | 24.9 ± 4.0 | 0.747 |
Duration of Diabetes (years) | 12 ± 8.0 | 10 ± 7.1 | 14 ± 8.3 | 0.022 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 49 (55) | 20 (45) | 29 (64) | 0.090 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 27 (30) | 14 (32) | 13 (29) | 0.820 |
HbA1c (mmol/L) | 78.0 ± 16.0 | 78.7 ± 17.6 | 77.2 ± 14.4 | 0.661 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 132 ± 19 | 127 ± 18 | 136 ± 19 | 0.025 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74 ± 13 | 75 ± 10 | 74 ± 16 | 0.795 |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.05 ± 1.01 | 5.13 ± 1.02 | 4.98 ± 1.01 | 0.464 |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.91 (2.09–4.14) | 2.90 (2.27–3.70) | 3.10 (2.07–4.60) | 0.733 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.25 ± 0.42 | 1.30 ± 0.46 | 1.21 ± 0.37 | 0.275 |
Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 74 (59–88) | 72 (58–86) | 80 (64–93) | 0.112 |
Serum calcium (mmol/L) | 2.29 ± 0.09 | 2.29 ± 0.09 | 2.29 ± 0.09 | 0.945 |
Serum phosphate (mmol/L) | 1.16 ± 0.154 | 1.17 ± 0.177 | 1.16 ± 0.130 | 0.791 |
serum FGF23 (ng/L) | 40 (31.0–52.6) | 36 (27–45) | 44 (36–59) | 0.003 |
Urinary albumin excretion (mg/day) | 12 (7.0–67) | 10 (4.8–19) | 16 (7.7–121) | 0.041 |
Urinary calcium excretion (mg/day) | 97 (58–150) | 108 (72–154) | 82 (51–146) | 0.150 |
Follow-up time (years) | 7.2 ± 1.0 | 7.3 ± 0.93 | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 0.578 |
eGFR after follow up (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 62 (48–82) | 76 (57–88) | 54 (42–72) | <0.001 |
eGFR decline speed (/year) | −1.1 (−2.6–0.19) | −0.17 (−0.44–0.94) | −2.6 (−5.1–2.0) | <0.001 |
OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (>62 years) | 1.9 | 0.65–5.6 | 0.244 | |||
Male | 1.4 | 0.50–4.1 | 0.494 | |||
BMI (>24.5 kg/m2) | 0.69 | 0.24–2.0 | 0.498 | |||
Duration of diabetes (>10.5 years) | 1.4 | 0.49–4.2 | 0.521 | |||
Hypertension | 1.5 | 0.53–4.2 | 0.454 | |||
Smoking status | 1.1 | 0.38–3.2 | 0.862 | |||
HbA1c (>76 mmol/L) | 0.96 | 0.37–2.5 | 0.925 | |||
Baseline eGFR (>77 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 4.6 | 1.3–16.1 | 0.018 | 3.3 | 1.1–9.7 | 0.033 |
Log serum FGF23 (>1.61) | 1.3 | 0.48–3.6 | 0.599 | |||
Log Urinary albumin excretion (>1.14) | 1.2 | 0.45–3.4 | 0.692 | |||
Log Urinary calcium excretion (≤1.99) | 4.3 | 1.5–12.2 | 0.005 | 6.1 | 2.1–18.0 | 0.001 |
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Yamada, H.; Funazaki, S.; Suzuki, D.; Saikawa, R.; Yoshida, M.; Kakei, M.; Ishikawa, S.-e.; Morisita, Y.; Hara, K. Association between Urinary Calcium Excretion and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Single-center Observational Study. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070171
Yamada H, Funazaki S, Suzuki D, Saikawa R, Yoshida M, Kakei M, Ishikawa S-e, Morisita Y, Hara K. Association between Urinary Calcium Excretion and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Single-center Observational Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(7):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070171
Chicago/Turabian StyleYamada, Hodaka, Shunsuke Funazaki, Daisuke Suzuki, Rika Saikawa, Masashi Yoshida, Masafumi Kakei, San-e Ishikawa, Yoshiyuki Morisita, and Kazuo Hara. 2018. "Association between Urinary Calcium Excretion and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Single-center Observational Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 7: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070171