Consequences of Abdominal Adiposity within the Metabolic Syndrome Paradigm in Black People of African Ancestry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Criteria of Metabolic Syndrome Using the National Cholesterol Education Program—Adult Treatment Panel III
National Cholesterol Education Program. Report of the Adult Treatment Panel III (R) | WHO Metabolic Syndrome Definition 1999 | European Insulin Resistance Group | International Diabetes Federation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Special Features | None | Insulin Resistance, Type 2 diabetes IFG, IGT | Insulin Resistance Top 25% of fasting insulin | Abdominal obesity Waist Circumference Men > 94 cm Women > 80 cm |
Any 3 of the following: | Plus any 2 of the following: | Plus any 2 of the following: | Plus any 2 of the following: | |
Abdominal obesity | Waist Circumference Men > 102 cm Women > 88 cm | Waist Circumference Men > 102 cm Women > 88 cm or BMI > 30 kg/m2 or WHR Men > 0.9% Women > 0.85% | Waist Circumference Men > 94 cm Women > 80 cm | Requirement or BMI > 30 kg/m2 or WHR Men > 0.9% Women > 0.85% |
Blood pressure | >130/80 mmHg Medication Usage | >140/90 mmHg Medication Usage | >140/90 mmHg Medication Usage | >140/90 mmHg Medication Usage |
Glucose | >100 mg/dL | Required | >110 mg/dL | Insulin Resistance, Type 2 diabetes, IFG, IGT |
Lipids a b | HDL Men < 40 mg/dL Women < 50 mg/dL Triglycerides >150 mg/dL | HDL Men < 40 mg/dL Women < 50 mg/dL Triglycerides >150 mg/dL | HDL <40 mg/dL Triglycerides >160 mg/dL | HDL Men < 40 mg/dL Women < 50 mg/dL Triglycerides >150 mg/dL |
Other | None | Urinary albumin >20 mg/min: Alb/Cr > 30 mg/g | Ethnic differences in WC measures | Urinary albumin >20 mg/min: Alb/Cr > 30 mg/g |
Reference Number | [13] | [11] | [12] | [14] |
2.1. Metabolic Syndrome in Black People of African Ancestry
Author | Definition of Metabolic Syndrome Used | Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome | Male | Female | Country | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adediran | NCEP-ATP III | 13.7 rural 3.7 urban | - | - | Nigeria, West Africa | [29] |
Fezeu | IDF | Rural | 0.0 | 0.3 | Cameroon, West Africa | [8] |
Ford | NCEP-ATP III | 21.6 | 16.4 | 25.7 | National Sample, USA | [15] |
Gaillard | NCEP-ATP III | 35 | - | 35.5 | Columbus, OH, USA | [27] |
Garrido | IDF | 34 | 15.9 | 24.5 | Botswana, Southern Africa | [33] |
Gyakobo | IDF | 35.9 | 15.7 | 55.8 | Ghana, West Africa | [30] |
Jennings | IDF | 21.9 | 12.9 | South Africa | [34] | |
Katchunga | IDF | 49.0 | 31.2 | 59.0 | Demographic Republic of Congo, Central Africa | [31] |
Kelliny | IDF | 30.3 | 25.1 | 35.4 | Seychelles Island, West Africa | [35] |
Meis | NCEP-ATP III | 30.0 | 40.0 | 29.0 | Columbus, OH, USA | [19] |
Motala | JIS | 26.5 | 11.6 | 30.3 | South Africa | [23] |
Njelekela | WHO | 38.8 | 36.2 | 53.0 | Tanzania, West Africa | [32] |
Ntandou | IDF | Rural 4.1 | 0 | 8.2 | Benin, West African | [30] |
Oladapo | NCEP-ATP III | 3 | 2.1% | 2.7% | Nigeria, West Africa | [28] |
Taylor | NCEP-ATP III | 39 | 32.7 | 43.3 | Jackson, MS, USA | [26] |
Tillin | NCEP-ATP III | 32 | 26.7 | 26.4 | United Kingdom | [36] |
2.2. Role of Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Syndrome in Black PAA
2.3. Paradox of Insulin Resistance, Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome in Black PAA
2.4. Metabolic Syndrome and Lipids and Lipoprotein’s in Black PAA
2.5. Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity and Hypertension in Black PAA
2.6. Insulin Resistance—Blood Pressure Paradox in African Americans
2.7. Metabolic Syndrome, Glucose Intolerance, Pre-Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Black PAA
3. Metabolically Healthy Obese (MHO) and Metabolically UnHealthy Obese (MUHO) Black PAA
4. Implications of Obesity in MetS and Its Components in Black PAA
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gaillard, T. Consequences of Abdominal Adiposity within the Metabolic Syndrome Paradigm in Black People of African Ancestry. J. Clin. Med. 2014, 3, 897-912. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3030897
Gaillard T. Consequences of Abdominal Adiposity within the Metabolic Syndrome Paradigm in Black People of African Ancestry. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2014; 3(3):897-912. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3030897
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaillard, Trudy. 2014. "Consequences of Abdominal Adiposity within the Metabolic Syndrome Paradigm in Black People of African Ancestry" Journal of Clinical Medicine 3, no. 3: 897-912. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3030897
APA StyleGaillard, T. (2014). Consequences of Abdominal Adiposity within the Metabolic Syndrome Paradigm in Black People of African Ancestry. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 3(3), 897-912. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3030897