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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Psychological Resilience in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Jordan Is Associated with Insomnia Severity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

by
Omar Gammoh
1,*,
Mervat M. Alsous
2,
Hazem Gammoh
3,
Alaa A. A. Aljabali
4,
Hanan Abu Alshaik
5,
Renad Alrtemat
1,
Mariam Al-Ameri
1,
Abdullah M. AlNsour
3,
Rami Farraj
3,
Amal Ireifij
3,
Alaa A. Alsharif
6 and
Nada A. Alsaleh
6
1
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
2
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
3
Healthy Community Clinics Program, Royal Health Awareness Society, Amman 11942, Jordan
4
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid 21165, Jordan
5
Prince Hamza Hospital, Amman 11947, Jordan
6
Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020880
Submission received: 21 November 2025 / Revised: 18 January 2026 / Accepted: 19 January 2026 / Published: 21 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Long-Term Insomnia on Mental Health—2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Although psychological resilience is an important factor related to mental health outcomes, it is understudied in patients with long-term health conditions in developing countries such as Jordan. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing in Jordan; thus, its prevalence and correlation with psychological resilience are worth investigating. Through this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychological resilience levels and identify their associated factors in people with T2DM in Jordan based on demographic data, clinical data, and insomnia severity. Methods: Participants were sampled from the patient register of the Royal Health Awareness Society (RHAS), which permitted access to people receiving T2DM-related services. Results: Data from 350 individuals with T2DM were analyzed; 185 (52.9%) were female, 276 (78.9%) were over 50 years of age, and 308 (88%) were married. In total, 56 (16%) people reported moderate–severe insomnia, and 64 (18.3%) reported low resilience. Being more resilient was found to correlate with “being married” (OR = 3.33, 95% CI (1.60–6.89), p = 0.001) but was negatively correlated with “moderate–severe insomnia” (OR = 0.21, 95% CI (0.11–0.40), p < 0.001). Conclusions: Addressing insomnia in individuals with T2DM is warranted to improve their resilience levels, thus promoting their mental health.
Keywords: psychological resilience; type 2 diabetes mellitus; insomnia; mental health psychological resilience; type 2 diabetes mellitus; insomnia; mental health

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gammoh, O.; Alsous, M.M.; Gammoh, H.; Aljabali, A.A.A.; Abu Alshaik, H.; Alrtemat, R.; Al-Ameri, M.; AlNsour, A.M.; Farraj, R.; Ireifij, A.; et al. Psychological Resilience in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Jordan Is Associated with Insomnia Severity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15, 880. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020880

AMA Style

Gammoh O, Alsous MM, Gammoh H, Aljabali AAA, Abu Alshaik H, Alrtemat R, Al-Ameri M, AlNsour AM, Farraj R, Ireifij A, et al. Psychological Resilience in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Jordan Is Associated with Insomnia Severity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2026; 15(2):880. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020880

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gammoh, Omar, Mervat M. Alsous, Hazem Gammoh, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Hanan Abu Alshaik, Renad Alrtemat, Mariam Al-Ameri, Abdullah M. AlNsour, Rami Farraj, Amal Ireifij, and et al. 2026. "Psychological Resilience in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Jordan Is Associated with Insomnia Severity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 15, no. 2: 880. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020880

APA Style

Gammoh, O., Alsous, M. M., Gammoh, H., Aljabali, A. A. A., Abu Alshaik, H., Alrtemat, R., Al-Ameri, M., AlNsour, A. M., Farraj, R., Ireifij, A., Alsharif, A. A., & Alsaleh, N. A. (2026). Psychological Resilience in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Jordan Is Associated with Insomnia Severity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 15(2), 880. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020880

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