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10.3390/jcm15114226
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Article

TyG–BMI as a Marker of Metabolic Status and Its Association with Bone Quality and Mineral Metabolism: A Sex-Specific Analysis

by
Assel Anarbayeva
1,
Karlygash Sadykova
1,
Gulnaz Nuskabayeva
1,
Nursultan Nurdinov
2,
Nurgul Zholdassova
1,
Dilfuza Mamraimova
1,
Gulzira Baimakhanova
1,
Dinara Azizkhojayeva
1,
Sirozhiddin Irismetov
1,
Shoira Isanova
3 and
Ugilzhan Tatykayeva
2,*
1
Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan
2
Department of Fundamental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan
3
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand 140100, Uzbekistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(11), 4226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15114226
Submission received: 27 April 2026 / Revised: 18 May 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 / Published: 29 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology & Metabolism)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a major pathogenic factor in metabolic syndrome and related diseases. It is challenging to accurately measure IR due to high cost and technical complexity. TyG-derived indices have been proposed as simple and reliable surrogates for assessing insulin resistance. The present study aimed to investigate the association between TyG-derived indices and indicators of mineral metabolism and bone quality and to examine sex-specific differences. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 330 adults aged 18–65 years. Age-adjusted partial correlation analyses and multivariable linear regression models were performed to examine the associations between TyG indices and several metabolic parameters, minerals, and QUS bone indices. Results: TyG–BMI was strongly correlated with triglycerides (females: r = 0.51; males: r = 0.54, both p < 0.001), glucose (females: r = 0.54, p < 0.001), and hip circumference (females: r = 0.77; males: r = 0.58, both p < 0.001). HDL showed inverse associations (females: r = −0.41, p < 0.001). In females, TyG–BMI demonstrated modest positive correlations with bone parameters, including BQI (r = 0.21, p = 0.002), T-score and Z-score (r = 0.21, p = 0.002 for both), SOS (r = 0.19, p = 0.007), and BUA (r = 0.18, p = 0.010), whereas no significant associations were observed in males. In multivariable models, TyG–BMI in females remained independently associated with glucose (β = 9.77, p < 0.001), waist circumference (β = 2.94, p < 0.001), and HDL (β = −26.6, p < 0.001), but not with mineral or bone parameters. Conclusions: The TyG-derived indices, most notably TyG–BMI, are useful indicators of metabolic status that correlate with bone quality yet exhibit sex-specific associations. These findings support the role of TyG-derived indices as accessible surrogate markers of metabolic status and demonstrate sex-specific associations with bone quality parameters.
Keywords: TyG–BMI; insulin resistance; bone quality; quantitative ultrasound; mineral metabolism; sex differences TyG–BMI; insulin resistance; bone quality; quantitative ultrasound; mineral metabolism; sex differences

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MDPI and ACS Style

Anarbayeva, A.; Sadykova, K.; Nuskabayeva, G.; Nurdinov, N.; Zholdassova, N.; Mamraimova, D.; Baimakhanova, G.; Azizkhojayeva, D.; Irismetov, S.; Isanova, S.; et al. TyG–BMI as a Marker of Metabolic Status and Its Association with Bone Quality and Mineral Metabolism: A Sex-Specific Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15, 4226. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15114226

AMA Style

Anarbayeva A, Sadykova K, Nuskabayeva G, Nurdinov N, Zholdassova N, Mamraimova D, Baimakhanova G, Azizkhojayeva D, Irismetov S, Isanova S, et al. TyG–BMI as a Marker of Metabolic Status and Its Association with Bone Quality and Mineral Metabolism: A Sex-Specific Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2026; 15(11):4226. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15114226

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anarbayeva, Assel, Karlygash Sadykova, Gulnaz Nuskabayeva, Nursultan Nurdinov, Nurgul Zholdassova, Dilfuza Mamraimova, Gulzira Baimakhanova, Dinara Azizkhojayeva, Sirozhiddin Irismetov, Shoira Isanova, and et al. 2026. "TyG–BMI as a Marker of Metabolic Status and Its Association with Bone Quality and Mineral Metabolism: A Sex-Specific Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 15, no. 11: 4226. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15114226

APA Style

Anarbayeva, A., Sadykova, K., Nuskabayeva, G., Nurdinov, N., Zholdassova, N., Mamraimova, D., Baimakhanova, G., Azizkhojayeva, D., Irismetov, S., Isanova, S., & Tatykayeva, U. (2026). TyG–BMI as a Marker of Metabolic Status and Its Association with Bone Quality and Mineral Metabolism: A Sex-Specific Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 15(11), 4226. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15114226

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