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Volume 14
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10.3390/jcm14082723
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

An Evaluation of Reference Bite Force Values: Investigating the Relationship Between Dental Prosthetic Restoration and Bite Force in a Cross-Sectional Study

by
Ina Nitschke
1,†,
Celine Moede
1,†,
Andreas Koenig
2,
Bernhard A. J. Sobotta
1,
Werner Hopfenmüller
3 and
Julia Jockusch
1,4,*
1
Gerodontology Section, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Materials Science, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
2
Materials Science Section, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Materials Science, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
3
Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
4
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Senior Dentistry, Brandenburg Medical School (Theodor Fontane), 14776 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(8), 2723; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082723
Submission received: 11 March 2025 / Revised: 7 April 2025 / Accepted: 11 April 2025 / Published: 15 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to establish reference values for bite force in individuals with various prosthetic restorations and to examine the relationship between prosthetic treatment groups (PTGs) and bite force as an indicator of masticatory muscle function. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study from November 2021 to March 2023, 198 participants aged 18 to 95 years were recruited from multiple dental and geriatric centers. The participants were assigned to seven PTGs based on their dental and prosthetic statuses. Bite force was measured using the Occlusal Force Meter GM10, with three recordings on each side of the jaw, and analyzed using ANOVA. Results: The bite force decreased with fewer teeth and the transition from fixed to removable dentures. Fully dentate participants exhibited the highest bite forces, differing significantly from the other groups (p < 0.001). For the fully dentate individuals (547 ± 240 N), the bite force decreased progressively with the extent of prosthetic restoration, reaching 55 ± 45 N in edentulous individuals with complete dentures in both jaws. However, edentulous participants with two interforaminal implants demonstrated higher bite forces than those with partial dentures. Conclusions: Bite force is significantly impacted by prosthetic restoration type. Fully dentate individuals have the highest bite forces, while edentulous patients with implant-supported dentures also show considerable bite forces, similar to those with partial dentures.
Keywords: bite force; masticatory performance; prosthetic restorations; occlusal force; dental status; prosthetic treatment outcome bite force; masticatory performance; prosthetic restorations; occlusal force; dental status; prosthetic treatment outcome

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nitschke, I.; Moede, C.; Koenig, A.; Sobotta, B.A.J.; Hopfenmüller, W.; Jockusch, J. An Evaluation of Reference Bite Force Values: Investigating the Relationship Between Dental Prosthetic Restoration and Bite Force in a Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082723

AMA Style

Nitschke I, Moede C, Koenig A, Sobotta BAJ, Hopfenmüller W, Jockusch J. An Evaluation of Reference Bite Force Values: Investigating the Relationship Between Dental Prosthetic Restoration and Bite Force in a Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(8):2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082723

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nitschke, Ina, Celine Moede, Andreas Koenig, Bernhard A. J. Sobotta, Werner Hopfenmüller, and Julia Jockusch. 2025. "An Evaluation of Reference Bite Force Values: Investigating the Relationship Between Dental Prosthetic Restoration and Bite Force in a Cross-Sectional Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 8: 2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082723

APA Style

Nitschke, I., Moede, C., Koenig, A., Sobotta, B. A. J., Hopfenmüller, W., & Jockusch, J. (2025). An Evaluation of Reference Bite Force Values: Investigating the Relationship Between Dental Prosthetic Restoration and Bite Force in a Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(8), 2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082723

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