Burnout, Associated Factors, and Mental Health Measures Among Ecuadorian Physicians: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Sociodemographic and Organizational Questionnaire
2.2.2. Burnout
2.2.3. Psychological Inflexibility
2.2.4. Perceived Loneliness
2.2.5. Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome
3.3. Factors Associated with Burnout
3.4. Mental Health Symptoms in Physicians with and Without Burnout
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Characteristic | Total | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | M (SD) | n (%) | M (SD) | n (%) | M (SD) | |
Sex Men Women | 952 (48.2) 1024 (51.8) | |||||
Age | 37.1 (9.4) | 38.3 (10.0) | 36.0 (8.7) | |||
Marital status Without partner With partner | 1029 (52.1) 947 (47.9) | 452 (47.5) 500 (52.5) | 577 (56.3) 447 (43.7) | |||
Area of work Urban Rural | 1673 (84.7) 303 (15.3) | 816 (85.7) 136 (14.3) | 857 (83.7) 167 (16.3) | |||
Sector in which they work Public Private/mixed | 1238 (62.7) 738 (37.3) | 560 (58.8) 392 (41.2) | 678 (66.2) 346 (33.8) | |||
Type of contract Temporary Permanent | 1108 (56.1) 868 (43.9) | 501 (52.6) 451 (47.4) | 607 (59.3) 417 (40.7) | |||
Appointment Part time Full time | 321 (16.2) 1655 (83.8) | 143 (15.0) 809 (85.0) | 178 (17.4) 846 (82.6) | |||
Monthly income | 2828.1 (3445.7) | 2787.5 (3302.5) | 2865.7 (3574.8) | |||
Professional experience | 9.6 (8.4) | 10.4 (8.9) | 8.9 (7.8) | |||
Shifts No shifts With shifts | 802 (40.6) 1174 (59.4) | 367 (38.6) 585 (61.4) | 435 (42.5) 589 (57.5) | |||
Daily workday | 10.5 (5.4) | 10.1 (5.0) | 10.8 (5.7) | |||
Attend to patients at risk of death No Yes | 285 (14.4) 1691 (85.6) | 117 (12.3) 835 (87.7) | 168 (16.4) 856 (83.6) | |||
Work–family conflicts No Yes | 658 (33.3) 1318 (66.7) | 328 (34.5) 624 (65.5) | 330 (32.2) 694 (67.8) | |||
Psychological inflexibility | 16.6 (9.8) | 16.4 (9.7) | 16.9 (9.9) | |||
Perceived loneliness | 5.1 (2.3) | 5.0 (2.3) | 5.2 (2.3) | |||
Depression | 3.6 (4.3) | 3.6 (4.5) | 3.6 (4.1) | |||
Anxiety | 3.9 (4.4) | 3.8 (4.4) | 4.0 (4.3) | |||
Stress | 5.1 (4.6) | 4.9 (4.6) | 5.2 (4.5) |
Variable | Total | Sex | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Men n (%) | Women n (%) | |
Emotional Exhaustion Subscale M (SD) Low Medium High | 18.7 (11.7) 1107 (56.0) 369 (18.7) 500 (25.3) | 18.3 (12.0) 538 (56.5) 179 (18.8) 235 (24.7) | 18.9 (11.4) 569 (55.6) 190 (18.6) 265 (25.9) |
Depersonalization Subscale M (SD) Low Medium High | 6.0 (5.9) 1245 (63.0) 261 (13.2) 470 (23.8) | 6.7 (6.2) 553 (58.1) 141 (14.8) 258 (27.1) | 5.4 (5.6) 692 (67.6) 120 (11.7) 212 (20.7) |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | (20) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Emotional exhaustion | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
2. Depersonalization | 0.63 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
3. Sex (0 = Men;1 = Women) | 0.03 | −0.11 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
4. Age | −0.18 ** | −0.16 ** | −0.12 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
5. Marital status (0 = Without partner; 1 = With partner) | −0.13 ** | −0.14 | 0.09 ** | 0.34 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||||
6. Area of work (0 = Urban; 1 = Rural) | 0.05 * | 0.05 * | 0.03 | −0.16 ** | 0.06 * | 1 | ||||||||||||||
7. Sector in which they work (0 = Public; 1 = Private) | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.08 * | 0.11 ** | 0.02 | 0.19 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||
8. Type of contract (0 = Temporary; 1 = Permanent) | −0.07 ** | −0.03 | 0.07 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.15 ** | 0.16 ** | 0.07 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||
9. Appointment (0 =Full time; 1 = Part time) | −0.06 ** | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.06 * | 0.04 | 0.07 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.16 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
10. Income | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.05 * | −0.70 ** | 0.15 ** | −0.07 ** | 0.01 | 1 | ||||||||||
11. Professional experience | −0.13 ** | −0.13 ** | −0.09 ** | 0.82 ** | −0.10 ** | −0.13 ** | 0.12 ** | 0.26 ** | −0.04 | −0.01 | 1 | |||||||||
12. Shifts (0 = No Shifts; 1 = With shifts) | 0.05 * | 0.15 ** | 0.04 | −0.16 ** | 0.08 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.01 | 0.10 ** | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.15 ** | 1 | ||||||||
13. Daily workday | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.06 ** | −0.17 ** | 0.27 ** | −0.10 ** | −0.15 ** | 0.05 * | −0.06 ** | −0.03 | −0.17 ** | 0.37 ** | 1 | |||||||
14. Attend to patients at risk of death (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | 0.08 ** | 0.05 * | 0.06 ** | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.13 ** | 0.06 * | 0.08 ** | −0.04 | −0.06 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.15 ** | 1 | ||||||
15. Work–family conflicts | 0.33 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 * | 0.04 | −0.05 * | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.10 ** | 1 | |||||
16. Psychological inflexibility | 0.58 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.02 | −0.21 ** | −0.18 ** | 0.05 * | 0.01 | −0.09 ** | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.17 ** | 0.09 ** | −0.01 | 0.08 ** | 0.20 ** | 1 | ||||
17. Perceived loneliness | 0.49 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.03 | −0.14 ** | −0.19 ** | 0.07 ** | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.10 ** | 0.05 * | 0.01 | 0.05 * | 0.19 ** | 0.63 ** | 1 | |||
18. Depression | 0.55 ** | 0.53 ** | −0.01 | −0.17 ** | −0.12 ** | 0.07 ** | −0.03 | −0.08 ** | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.13 ** | 0.10 ** | −0.01 | 0.07 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.70 ** | 0.55 ** | 1 | ||
19. Anxiety | 0.55 ** | 0.50 ** | 0.02 | −0.14 ** | −0.11 ** | 0.04 | −0.01 | −0.06 * | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.12 ** | 0.11 ** | 0.02 | 0.08 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.66 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.83 ** | 1 | |
20. Stress | 0.64 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.04 | −0.17 ** | −0.11 ** | 0.05 * | −0.03 | −0.05 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.13 ** | 0.09 ** | 0.01 | 0.08 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.68 ** | 0.54 ** | 0.83 ** | 0.85 ** | 1 |
Characteristic | Emotional Exhaustion | Depersonalization | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | Standard Error | t | p | 95% CI a | β | Standard Error | t | p | 95% CI b | |
Sex (0 = Men 1 = Women) | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.02 | 0.986 | −0.81, 0.83 | −0.13 | 0.22 | −6.98 | <0.001 | −1.96, −1.10 |
Marital status (0 = Without partner 1 = With partner) | −0.03 | 0.43 | −1.57 | 0.117 | −1.51, 0.17 | −0.04 | 0.23 | −1.84 | 0.065 | −0.88, 0.27 |
Area of work (0 = Urban 1 = Rural) | 0.01 | 0.61 | 0.22 | 0.828 | −1.10, 1.32 | 0.04 | 0.32 | 1.82 | 0.069 | −0.05, 1.19 |
Sector in which they work (0 = Public 1 = Private) | −0.03 | 0.45 | −1.62 | 0.105 | −1.61, 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.58 | 0.563 | −0.32, 0.59 |
Type of contract (0 = Temporary 1 = Permanent) | −0.02 | 0.43 | −1.30 | 0.194 | −1.41, 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.73 | 0.469 | −0.29, 0.63 |
Appointment (0 = Full time 1 = Part time) | 0.05 | 0.58 | 2.80 | 0.005 | 0.48, 2.74 | −0.04 | 0.30 | −1.84 | 0.065 | −1.14, 0.04 |
Monthly income | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.30 | 0.768 | −0.99, 1.01 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −1.52 | 0.128 | −0.98, 1.01 |
Professional experience | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.68 | 0.496 | −0.07, 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −1.59 | 0.113 | −0.05, 0.01 |
Shifts (0 = No Shifts 1 = With shifts) | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.701 | −1.10, 0.73 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 5.41 | <0.001 | 0.81, 1.73 |
Daily workday | 0.04 | 0.04 | 1.90 | 0.048 | 0.01, 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 1.81 | 0.070 | −0.08, 0.03 |
Patients at risk of death (0 = No 1 = Yes) | 0.01 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.530 | −0.81, 1.57 | −0.02 | 0.32 | −1.05 | 0.292 | −0.96, 0.29 |
Work–family conflict (0 = No 1 = Yes) | 0.21 | 0.45 | 11.59 | <0.001 | 4.32, 6.08 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 3.26 | 0.001 | 0.31, 1.24 |
Psychological inflexibility | 0.46 | 0.03 | 20.07 | <0.001 | 0.50, 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.02 | 17.51 | <0.001 | 0.23, 0.28 |
Perceived loneliness | 0.11 | 0.12 | 4.74 | <0.001 | 0.32, 0.78 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 4.95 | <0.001 | 0.18, 0.42 |
Characteristic | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | Standard Error | t | p | 95% CI a | β | Standard Error | t | p | 95% CI b | β | Standard Error | t | p | 95% CI c | |
Emotional Exhaustion | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.12 | 0.905 | −0.01, 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −1.46 | 0.144 | −0.02, 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 14.81 | <0.001 | 0.07, 0.09 |
Depersonalization | 0.07 | 0.01 | 4.84 | <0.001 | 0.03, 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.07 | 0.284 | −0.10, 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.957 | −0.02, 0.02 |
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Ramírez, M.R.; Ontaneda, M.P.; Otero, P.; Ortega-Jiménez, D.; Blanco, V.; Vázquez, F.L. Burnout, Associated Factors, and Mental Health Measures Among Ecuadorian Physicians: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072465
Ramírez MR, Ontaneda MP, Otero P, Ortega-Jiménez D, Blanco V, Vázquez FL. Burnout, Associated Factors, and Mental Health Measures Among Ecuadorian Physicians: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(7):2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072465
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamírez, Marina R., Mercy P. Ontaneda, Patricia Otero, David Ortega-Jiménez, Vanessa Blanco, and Fernando L. Vázquez. 2025. "Burnout, Associated Factors, and Mental Health Measures Among Ecuadorian Physicians: A Cross-Sectional Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 7: 2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072465
APA StyleRamírez, M. R., Ontaneda, M. P., Otero, P., Ortega-Jiménez, D., Blanco, V., & Vázquez, F. L. (2025). Burnout, Associated Factors, and Mental Health Measures Among Ecuadorian Physicians: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(7), 2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072465