Chronic Bronchitis in Children and Adults: Definitions, Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Pathophysiology of Cough
3. Evolution of Definitions and Pathophysiology of CB in Children
4. Evolution of Definitions of CB in Adults
5. CB in Children: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences
6. CB in Adults: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Children | Adults | |
---|---|---|---|
Current definition | Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is the most clinically relevant definition for children, defined as a daily wet cough lasting >4 weeks, resolution with appropriate antibiotics (usually amoxicillin-clavulunate), and an absence of indicators to suggest an alternative cause for cough. Other definitions include wet cough and chronic cough. | Chronic bronchitis: cough with phlegm for 3 months or more in 2 consecutive years. This may no longer be as applicable to the modern population as when formulated and novel definitions are emerging, especially for cough hypersensitivity. | |
Risk factors | Common | Infection, indoor and outdoor air pollution, tobacco/e-cigarette/cannabis smoking (active and passive) | |
Socio-economic | Childcare attendance; homelessness; household crowding | Lower income and some occupations | |
Others | Premature birth | Childhood asthma, allergies, cough, OSA | |
Consequences | Bronchiectasis; asthma; impaired lung function including COPD; reduced quality of life | ||
Management | Antibiotics | Treating related conditions (e.g., asthma, GORD); smoking cessation; mucolytics; macrolide antibiotics |
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Zhang, J.; Wurzel, D.F.; Perret, J.L.; Lodge, C.J.; Walters, E.H.; Dharmage, S.C. Chronic Bronchitis in Children and Adults: Definitions, Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082413
Zhang J, Wurzel DF, Perret JL, Lodge CJ, Walters EH, Dharmage SC. Chronic Bronchitis in Children and Adults: Definitions, Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(8):2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082413
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jingwen, Danielle F. Wurzel, Jennifer L. Perret, Caroline J. Lodge, E. Haydn Walters, and Shyamali C. Dharmage. 2024. "Chronic Bronchitis in Children and Adults: Definitions, Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 8: 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082413
APA StyleZhang, J., Wurzel, D. F., Perret, J. L., Lodge, C. J., Walters, E. H., & Dharmage, S. C. (2024). Chronic Bronchitis in Children and Adults: Definitions, Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(8), 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082413