Gestational Weight Gain, Pregnancy Related Complications and the Short-Term Risks for the Offspring
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Study Variables
2.4.1. Maternal Variables Included
2.4.2. Perinatal Variables Included
2.4.3. Neonatal and Infant Variables Included
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Groups | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Range GWG (N = 113) SV ± SD (95% IP) | Excessive GWG (N = 87) SV ± SD (95% IP) | |||
Maternal age (years) | 31.65 ± 4.84 (30.74–32.55) | 32.38 ± 4.90 (31.23–33.32) | 0.420 * | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.34 ± 2.41 (20.89–21.79) | 26.66 ± 3.14 (25.99–27.33) | <0.001 * | |
BMI at delivery (kg/m2) | 26.09 ± 2.47 (25.63–26.55) | 33.17 ± 3.48 (32.42–33.91) | <0.001 * | |
Gestational age (days) | 276.74 ± 7.08 (275.42–278.06) | 275.03 ± 9.37 (273.04–277.03) | 0.325 * | |
EFW (grams) | 3496.81 ± 420.69 (3418.40–3575.23) | 3577.64 ± 515.59 (3467.76–3687.53) | 0.088 * | |
AFI (mm) | 124.25 ± 33.09 (118.08–130.42) | 135.63 ± 45.30 (125.98–145.29) | 0.037 * | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI category | Normal weight | 100 (50%) | 12 (6%) | <0.001 ** |
Overweight | 11 (5.5%) | 61 (30.5%) | ||
Obese | 2 (1%) | 14 (7%) | ||
Fetal macrosomia | No | 99 (49.5%) | 69 (34.5%) | 0.112 ** |
Yes | 14 (7%) | 18 (9%) | ||
Fetal growth restriction | No | 105 (52.5%) | 80 (40%) | 0.797 ** |
Yes | 8 (4%) | 7 (3.5%) | ||
Family history for CVD | No | 97 (48.5%) | 62 (31%) | 0.011 ** |
Yes | 16 (8%) | 25 (12.5%) | ||
Family history for DM | No | 107 (53.5%) | 75 (37.5%) | 0.038 ** |
Yes | 6 (3%) | 12 (6%) | ||
HDP | No | 109 (54.5%) | 72 (36%) | 0.001 ** |
Yes | 4 (2%) | 15 (7.5%) | ||
GDM | No | 99 (49.5%) | 50 (25%) | <0.001 ** |
Yes | 14 (7%) | 37 (18.5%) | ||
GA | No | 76 (38%) | 37 (18.5%) | <0.001 ** |
Yes | 37 (18.5%) | 50 (25%) | ||
VitD deficiency | No | 54 (27%) | 21 (10.5%) | 0.001 ** |
Yes | 59 (29.5%) | 66 (33%) | ||
Metformin use during pregnancy | No | 107 (53.5%) | 75 (37.5%) | 0.038 ** |
Yes | 6 (3%) | 12 (6%) | ||
Delivery mode | SV | 78 (39%) | 51 (25.5%) | 0.474 ** |
CS | 19 (9.5%) | 20 (10%) | ||
Assisted | 8 (4%) | 5 (2.5%) | ||
PIL | 3 (1.5%) | 4 (2%) | ||
CSAFLI | 5 (2.5%) | 7 (3.5%) | ||
Genitourinary tract infection | No | 92 (46%) | 74 (37%) | 0.497 ** |
Yes | 21 (10.5%) | 13 (6.5%) | ||
PROM | No | 104 (52%) | 71 (35.5%) | 0.027 ** |
Yes | 9 (4.5%) | 16 (8%) | ||
Delivery complications | No | 102 (51%) | 73 (36.5%) | 0.178 ** |
Yes | 11 (5.5%) | 14 (7%) | ||
APGAR score 1 min of life | 8.76 ± 0.66 (8.64–8.88) | 8.57 ± 0.74 (8.42–8.73) | 0.011 * | |
APGAR score 5 min of life | 9.85 ± 0.43 (9.77–9.93) | 9.66 ± 0.55 (9.54–9.77) | 0.002 * |
Variables | Univariate Logistic Regression Analysis (Excessive GWG and Normal Range GWG) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Exp(B) | 95% IP | p | |
Maternal age (years) | 1.027 | 0.969–1.089 | 0.364 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 1.826 | 1.566–2.129 | <0.001 |
BMI category | 27.605 | 12.635–60.314 | <0.001 |
Gestational age (days) | 0.974 | 0.941–1.009 | 0.147 |
Fetal macrosomia | 1.845 | 0.860–3.957 | 0.116 |
Fetal growth restriction | 1.148 | 0.400–3.299 | 0.797 |
Family history for CVD | 2.445 | 1.209–4.941 | 0.013 |
Family history for DM | 2.853 | 1.025–7.940 | 0.045 |
HDP | 5.677 | 1.811–17.793 | 0.003 |
GDM | 5.233 | 2.591–10.567 | <0.001 |
GA | 2.776 | 1.556–4.952 | 0.001 |
VitD deficiency | 2.877 | 1.556–5.317 | 0.001 |
Metformin use during pregnancy | 2.853 | 1.025–7.940 | 0.045 |
Genitourinary infection | 0.770 | 0.361–1.640 | 0.497 |
Delivery mode | 1.203 | 0.939–1.542 | 0.144 |
PROM | 2.604 | 1.090–6.219 | 0.031 |
Delivery complications | 1.778 | 0.764–4.140 | 0.182 |
EFW | 1.000 | 1.000–1.001 | 0.224 |
AFI | 1.008 | 1.000–1.015 | 0.047 |
APGAR score 1 min of life | 0.681 | 0.452–1.027 | 0.067 |
APGAR score 5 min of life | 0.434 | 0.236–0.799 | 0.007 |
Variables | Groups | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Normal Range GWG (N = 113) SV ± SD (95% IP) | Excessive GWG (N = 87) SV ± SD (95% IP) | ||
AIMS pronation 3 months | 2.74 ± 0.46 (2.66–2.83) | 2.39 ± 0.60 (2.26–2.52) | <0.001 * |
AIMS supination 3 months | 2.84 ± 0.39 (2.77–2.91) | 2.41 ± 0.60 (2.29–2.54) | <0.001 * |
AIMS total 3 months | 5.59 ± 0.73 (5.46–5.73) | 4.80 ± 0.99 (4.59–5.01) | <0.001 * |
AIMS pronation 6 months | 15.73 ± 0.48 (15.64–15.82) | 15.32 ± 0.66 (15.18–15.46) | <0.001 * |
AIMS supination 6 months | 8.76 ± 0.54 (8.66–8.86) | 8.25 ± 0.85 (8.07–8.43) | <0.001 * |
AIMS sitting 6 months | 6.77 ± 0.67 (6.65–6.89) | 6.59 ± 0.80 (6.42–6.76) | 0.019 * |
AIMS standing 6 months | 1.96 ± 0.35 (1.90–2.03) | 1.91 ± 0.33 (1.84–1.98) | 0.256 * |
AIMS total 6 months | 33.23 ± 1.67 (32.92–33.54) | 32.07 ± 1.94 (31.66–32.48) | <0.001 * |
AIMS pronation 9 months | 19.33 ± 0.66 (19.20–19.45) | 18.98 ± 0.81 (18.81–19.15) | 0.002 * |
AIMS supination 9 months | 8.96 ± 0.21 (8.92–8.99) | 8.87 ± 0.33 (8.80–8.94) | 0.034 * |
AIMS sitting 9 months | 10.16 ± 0.87 (10.00–10.32) | 9.63 ± 1.00 (9.42–9.85) | <0.001 * |
AIMS standing 9 months | 4.37 ± 0.66 (4.25–4.49) | 4.01 ± 0.79 (3.84–4.18) | 0.001 * |
AIMS total 9 months | 42.81 ± 2.06 (42.43–43.20) | 41.49 ± 2.48 (40.97–42.02) | <0.001 * |
AIMS pronation 12 months | 21.00 ± 0.00 (21.00–21.00) | 20.99 ± 0.11 (20.97–21.01) | 0.254 * |
AIMS supination 12 months | 9.00 ± 0.00 (9.00–9.00) | 9.00 ± 0.00 (9.00–9.00) | 1.000 * |
AIMS sitting 12 months | 11.95 ± 0.26 (11.90–12.00) | 11.84 ± 0.43 (11.75–11.93) | 0.019 * |
AIMS standing 12 months | 15.65 ± 0.62 (15.54–15.77) | 15.22 ± 0.80 (15.05–15.39) | <0.001 * |
AIMS total 12 months | 57.60 ± 0.79 (57.46–57.75) | 57.05 ± 1.10 (56.81–57.28) | <0.001 * |
Variables | Univariate Logistic Regression Analysis (Excessive GWG and Normal Range GWG) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Exp(B) | 95% IP | p | |
AIMS pronation 3 months | 0.291 | 0.166–0.509 | <0.001 |
AIMS supination 3 months | 0.187 | 0.099–0.351 | <0.001 |
AIMS total 3 months | 0.362 | 0.252–0.520 | <0.001 |
AIMS pronation 6 months | 0.288 | 0.169–0.490 | <0.001 |
AIMS supination 6 months | 0.319 | 0.194–0.526 | <0.001 |
AIMS sitting 6 months | 0.708 | 0.479–1.047 | 0.084 |
AIMS standing 6 months | 0.613 | 0.267–1.409 | 0.249 |
AIMS total 6 months | 0.694 | 0.581–0.829 | <0.001 |
AIMS pronation 9 months | 0.521 | 0.351–0.773 | 0.001 |
AIMS supination 9 months | 0.320 | 0.107–0.958 | 0.042 |
AIMS sitting 9 months | 0.547 | 0.397–0.754 | <0.001 |
AIMS standing 9 months | 0.500 | 0.334–0.750 | 0.001 |
AIMS total 9 months | 0.773 | 0.678–0.883 | <0.001 |
AIMS pronation 12 months | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
AIMS supination 12 months | - | - | - |
AIMS sitting 12 months | 0.385 | 0.154–0.961 | 0.041 |
AIMS standing 12 months | 0.428 | 0.283–0.649 | <0.001 |
AIMS total 12 months | 0.529 | 0.379–0.736 | <0.001 |
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Lackovic, M.; Jankovic, M.; Mihajlovic, S.; Milovanovic, Z.; Rovcanin, M.; Mitic, N.; Nikolic, D. Gestational Weight Gain, Pregnancy Related Complications and the Short-Term Risks for the Offspring. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020445
Lackovic M, Jankovic M, Mihajlovic S, Milovanovic Z, Rovcanin M, Mitic N, Nikolic D. Gestational Weight Gain, Pregnancy Related Complications and the Short-Term Risks for the Offspring. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(2):445. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020445
Chicago/Turabian StyleLackovic, Milan, Milena Jankovic, Sladjana Mihajlovic, Zagorka Milovanovic, Marija Rovcanin, Nikola Mitic, and Dejan Nikolic. 2024. "Gestational Weight Gain, Pregnancy Related Complications and the Short-Term Risks for the Offspring" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 2: 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020445