Pallidal Versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Isolated Dystonia: A Retrospective Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Treatment Procedure and Programming
2.3. Clinical Evaluation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Motor Function
3.3. Health-Related Quality of Life
3.4. Adverse Events
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case | Targets | Sex | Age at Onset (yrs) | Age at Surgery (yrs) | Duration of Symptoms (mos) | Gene Mutation | Stimulation Parameters with Best Response (Contact, Pulse Width, Frequency, Amplitude, Left/Right) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | GPi | F | 1 | 22 | 252 | NA | Case(+)5(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 170/170, 2.8/3.2 |
2 | GPi | M | 1 | 25 | 288 | No | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 140/140, 3.2/3.5 |
3 | GPi | M | 27 | 29 | 16 | NA | Case(+)5(−)6(−)/Case(+)2(−)3(−), 60/70, 160/160, 3.5/3.0 |
4 | GPi | F | 40 | 45 | 60 | NA | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)1(−), 60/60, 130/130, 3.4/3.0 |
5 | GPi | M | 37 | 40 | 36 | No | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 150/150, 3.5/3.2 |
6 | GPi | F | 4 | 9 | 60 | No | Case(+)6(−)7(−)/Case(+)1(−)2(−), 90/70, 160/160, 2.9/2.8 |
7 | GPi | M | 5 | 29 | 288 | NA | Case(+)7(−)/Case(+)3(−), 60/60, 130/130, 3.1/2.8 |
8 | GPi | M | 8 | 12 | 48 | NA | Case(+)6(−)7(−)/Case(+)1(−)2(−), 100/70, 145/145, 2.95/2.85 |
9 | GPi | M | 9 | 10 | 6 | TOR1A | Case(+)5(−)/Case(+)1(−), 70/80, 150/150, 2.0/2.75 |
10 | GPi | F | 36 | 38 | 24 | NA | Case(+)5(−)6(−)/Case(+)1(−)2(−), 70/80, 140/140, 2.7/2.9 |
11 | GPi | M | 6 | 14 | 96 | TOR1A | Case(+)5(−)/Case(+)1(−)3(−), 80/110, 145/145, 2.65/3.55 |
12 | GPi | M | 8 | 12 | 48 | No | Case(+)6(−)7(−)8(−)/Case(+)2(−)4(−), 60/100, 130/130, 3.5/3.2 |
13 | GPi | M | 7 | 24 | 204 | GNAL | Case(+)5(−)/Case(+)2(−), 90/90, 170/170, 3.4/3.2 |
14 | GPi | M | 8 | 21 | 156 | TOR1A | Case(+)5(−)6(−)/Case(+)1(−)2(−), 80/80, 155/155, 2.2/2.7 |
15 | GPi | F | 43 | 45 | 24 | NA | Case(+)5−/Case(+)2(−), 90/70, 140/140, 3.4/3.4 |
16 | GPi | F | 47 | 50 | 36 | NA | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)2(−), 90/90, 130/130, 3.4/3.2 |
17 | GPi | F | 4 | 19 | 180 | No | Case(+)9(−)/Case(+)1(−), 60/60, 130/130, 2.6/2.7 |
18 | STN | M | 8 | 13 | 60 | KMT2B | Case(+)7(−)/Case(+)2(−), 80/60, 140/140, 2.1/2 |
19 | STN | M | 18 | 19 | 12 | NA | Case(+)10(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 130/130, 1.9/2 |
20 | STN | M | 66 | 68 | 24 | No | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)3(−), 80/70, 150/150, 2/2.25 |
21 | STN | F | 29 | 32 | 36 | No | Case(+)5(−)/Case(+)2(−)3(−), 80/80, 130/130, 2.5/2.4 |
22 | STN | F | 7 | 12 | 60 | NA | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)2(−), 90/80, 145/145, 2.35/2.25 |
23 | STN | M | 4 | 13 | 108 | No | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 130/130, 2.2/2.2 |
24 | STN | M | 8 | 10 | 24 | TOR1A | Case(+)5(−)8(−)/Case(+)1(−)4(−), 70/70, 130/130, 1.5/1.45 |
25 | STN | F | 5 | 6 | 12 | ANO3 | Case(+)9(−)/Case(+)1(−), 60/60, 110/110, 1.8/1.9 |
26 | STN | M | 3 | 23 | 240 | No | Case(+)10(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 130/130, 1.9/1.8 |
27 | STN | F | 6 | 15 | 84 | No | Case(+)5(−)6(−)/Case(+)1(−)2(−), 60/70, 130/130, 1.5/1.55 |
28 | STN | M | 9 | 14 | 60 | No | Case(+)8(−)/Case(+)4(−), 70/60, 140/140, 2.4/1.5 |
29 | STN | M | 6 | 11 | 60 | No | Case(+)7(−)/Case(+)3(−), 60/60, 130/130, 1.9/2.1 |
Characteristic | GPi Group | STN Group | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic or clinical | |||
Age at surgery (yrs) | 26.12 ± 13.3 | 19.67 ± 16.67 | 0.116 & |
Age at onset (yrs) | 17.12 ± 16.75 | 14.08 ± 17.89 | 0.739 & |
% males | 58.82% | 66.67% | 0.717 # |
% TOR1A mutation | 17.65% | 8.33% | 0.622 # |
Symptom duration (mos) | 107.18 ± 99.22 | 65 ± 87.18 | 0.422 & |
Functional status | |||
BFMDRS-M (0–120) | 47.09 ± 23.68 | 47.21 ± 24.32 | 0.989 * |
Eye (0–8) | 2.60 ± 2.16 | 2.75 ± 1.77 | NA |
Mouth (0–8) | 3.19 ± 2.72 | 2.33 ± 0.58 | 0.916 & |
Speech (0–16) | 5.00 ± 4.72 | 5.20 ± 3.56 | 0.533 & |
Neck (0–8) | 5.80 ± 2.21 | 4.64 ± 2.87 | 0.332 & |
Trunk (0–16) | 6.00 ± 4.27 | 8.00 ± 5.38 | 0.312 & |
Arm (0–32) | 13.88 ± 7.94 | 17.36 ± 9.85 | 0.312 * |
Legs (0–32) | 16.50 ± 10.05 | 16.08 ± 9.06 | 0.834 & |
BFMDRS-D (0–30) | 16.18 ± 5.74 | 17.33 ± 5.74 | 0.597 * |
Speech (0–4) | 1.80 ± 1.08 | 2.20 ± 1.10 | 0.451 & |
Writing (0–4) | 2.29 ± 1.10 | 2.73 ± 1.10 | 0.315 & |
Feeding (0–4) | 2.44 ± 1.36 | 3.09 ± 0.94 | 0.177 & |
Eating and swallowing (0–4) | 1.56 ± 0.88 | 1.20 ± 0.45 | 0.503 & |
Hygiene (0–4) | 2.71 ± 1.10 | 3.08 ± 0.90 | 0.380 & |
Dressing (0–4) | 2.59 ± 1.23 | 3.00 ± 1.04 | 0.367 & |
Walking (0–6) | 4.31 ± 1.35 | 4.42 ± 1.31 | 0.718 & |
Quality of life | |||
SF-36 score | |||
General health (0–100) | 35 ± 12.78 | 27.92 ± 12.70 | 0.158 * |
Physical function (0–100) | 30.94 ± 23.40 | 18.75 ± 21.33 | 0.175 & |
Role, physical (0–100) | 20.31 ± 24.53 | 18.75 ± 11.31 | 0.678 & |
Role, emotional (0–100) | 27.08 ± 30.36 | 22.22 ± 32.83 | 0.544 & |
Social function (0–100) | 35.41 ± 26.69 | 21.28 ± 18.61 | 0.212 & |
Body pain (0–100) | 56.69 ± 31.37 | 50.17 ± 28.53 | 0.555 & |
Vitality (0–100) | 45.32 ± 23.63 | 40 ± 24.77 | 0.569 & |
Mental health (0–100) | 39.75 ± 12.94 | 44 ± 11.44 | 0.329 & |
BFMDRS-M | p Value a | p Value (Mean Improvement %) b | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Patients | Pre | 1 mo | 3 mo | 6 mo | 12 mo | 1 mo vs. Pre | 3 mo vs. 1 mo | 6 mo vs. 3 mo | 12 mo vs. 6 mo | 1 mo | 3 mo | 6 mo | 12 mo | |
Total | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 47.09 ± 23.68 | 34.09 ± 21.64 | 29.76 ± 21.25 | 30.88 ± 22.52 | 28.21 ± 22.72 | 0.000 ¥ | 0.018 ¥ | 0.153 ¥ | 0.221 ¥ | (28.8%) | (37.32%) | (38.36%) | (45.73%) |
STN | 12 | 47.21 ± 24.32 | 25.25 ± 16.11 | 17.71 ± 13.55 | 14 ± 11.97 | 15.83 ± 13.57 | 0.001 # | 0.002 ¥ | 0.008 # | 1 ¥ | 0.069 & (45.58%) | 0.057 & (61.8%) | 0.008 & (63.91%) | 0.060 * (66.37%) |
Eye | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 5 | 2.6 ± 2.16 | 1.8 ± 1.68 | 1.9 ± 1.67 | 2 ± 2.55 | 1.4 ± 2.61 | 0.099 # | 0.317 ¥ | 0.854 # | 0.317 ¥ | (34.7%) | (30.67%) | (52%) | (72%) |
STN | 2 | 2.75 ± 1.77 | 0.25 ± 0.35 | 0.25 ± 0.35 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Mouth | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 8 | 3.19 ± 2.72 | 2.13 ± 2.10 | 1.75 ± 2.05 | 1.88 ± 2.3 | 2 ± 2.2 | 0.039 ¥ | 0.180 ¥ | 0.655 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | (39.58%) | (55.21%) | (64.58%) | (52.08%) |
STN | 3 | 2.33 ± 0.58 | 2 ± 1 | 1.33 ± 1.53 | 1 ± 1.73 | 1 ± 1.73 | 0.317 ¥ | 0.157 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | NA | 0.411 & (16.67%) | 0.869 * (50%) | 0.911 & (66.67%) | 0.665 & |
Face (eyes and mouth) | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 9 | 4.28 ± 2.53 | 2.89 ± 2.07 | 2.61 ± 1.96 | 2.78 ± 2.39 | 2.56 ± 2.46 | 0.013 ¥ | 0.285 ¥ | 0.681 # | 0.655 ¥ | (38.70%) | (42.05%) | (49.23%) | (52.93%) |
STN | 4 | 3.13 ± 2.02 | 1.63 ± 1.11 | 1.13 ± 1.31 | 0.75 ± 1.5 | 0.75 ± 1.5 | 0.297 # | 0.157 ¥ | 0.215 # | NA | 0.962 * (37.50%) | 0.634 * (54.17%) | 0.369 & (75%) | 0.416 & |
Speech and swallowing | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 15 | 5 ± 4.72 | 4.2 ± 4 | 4.07 ± 3.83 | 3.93 ± 3.58 | 4.07 ± 4.08 | 0.167 ¥ | 0.854 ¥ | 1 ¥ | 0.785 ¥ | (20%) | (18.33%) | (21.11%) | (29.44%) |
STN | 5 | 5.2 ± 3.56 | 2.6 ± 1.34 | 2.20 ± 1.1 | 2.00 ± 1.22 | 2.00 ± 1.22 | 0.144 # | 0.317 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | NA | 0.415 & (36.67%) | 0.348 & (41.11%) | 0.454 & (43.33%) | 0.786 & |
Neck | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 15 | 5.80 ± 2.21 | 4.87 ± 2.9 | 3.63 ± 2.91 | 3.5 ± 2.76 | 2.9 ± 2.61 | 0.066 ¥ | 0.016 ¥ | 0.715 ¥ | 0.131 ¥ | (20%) | (44.44%) | (45.28%) | (53.06%) |
STN | 11 | 4.64 ± 2.87 | 2.27 ± 1.74 | 1.73 ± 1.62 | 0.73 ± 0.79 | 0.91 ± 0.83 | 0.002 # | 0.063 ¥ | 0.026 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.013 & (50%) | 0.177 & (65.15%) | 0.028 & (82.58%) | 0.215 & (73.48%) |
Trunk | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 6 ± 4.27 | 4.35 ± 4.24 | 3.77 ± 4.28 | 3.9 ± 3.76 | 2.65 ± 3.32 | 0.003 ¥ | 0.228 ¥ | 0.892 ¥ | 0.039 ¥ | (29.74%) | (36.60%) | (39.05%) | (54.74%) |
STN | 12 | 8 ± 5.38 | 4.08 ± 2.39 | 2.25 ± 1.66 | 1.92 ± 1.68 | 2.08 ± 2.31 | 0.018 # | 0.002 # | 0.180 ¥ | 0.713 ¥ | 0.712 & (33.33%) | 0.087 & (60.42%) | 0.056 & (65.28%) | 0.713 ¥ (69.10%) |
Axial (neck and trunk) | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 11.12 ± 6.08 | 8.65 ± 6.47 | 6.97 ± 6.17 | 6.97 ± 5.52 | 5.21 ± 5.04 | 0.003 ¥ | 0.039 ¥ | 0.438 ¥ | 0.075 ¥ | (25.04%) | (38.78%) | (40.93%) | (52.29%) |
STN | 12 | 12.25 ± 7.4 | 6.17 ± 3.66 | 3.83 ± 2.92 | 2.58 ± 2.02 | 2.92 ± 2.78 | 0.002 # | 0.001 # | 0.016 ¥ | 0.713 ¥ | 0.061 & (40.86%) | 0.105 & (60.15%) | 0.039 & (69.56%) | 0.296 & (68.08%) |
Arms | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 13.88 ± 7.94 | 8.85 ± 6.11 | 7.651 ± 5.92 | 8.5 ± 7.39 | 8.24 ± 7.44 | 0.003 ¥ | 0.072 ¥ | 0.726 ¥ | 0.436 ¥ | (29.49%) | (36.75%) | (34.21%) | (38.47%) |
STN | 11 | 17.36 ± 9.85 | 8.27 ± 5.55 | 4.64 ± 2.69 | 3.27 ± 2.61 | 4.18 ± 4.07 | 0.002 # | 0.011 ¥ | 0.027 ¥ | 0.414 ¥ | 0.123 & (45.99%) | 0.028 & (70.64%) | 0.001 & (80.66%) | 0.002 * (76.89%) |
Legs | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 16 | 16.5 ± 10.05 | 12.06 ± 8.65 | 10.88 ± 8.76 | 10.75 ± 8.19 | 10.63 ± 8.94 | 0.018 ¥ | 0.223 ¥ | 0.473 ¥ | 0.779 ¥ | (24.99%) | (33.88%) | (35.25%) | (40.88%) |
STN | 12 | 16.08 ± 9.06 | 10.08 ± 8.44 | 8.33 ± 8.44 | 7.33 ± 7.54 | 7.83 ± 7.95 | 0.001 # | 0.042 ¥ | 0.089 # | 0.593 ¥ | 0.101 & (41.95%) | 0.122 & (54.57%) | 0.065 & (59.15%) | 0.260 * (57.24%) |
Limbs (arms and legs) | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 29.41 ± 16.64 | 20.21 ± 14.14 | 17.88 ± 13.92 | 18.61 ± 14.61 | 18.24 ± 15.77 | 0.002 ¥ | 0.123 ¥ | 0.288 ¥ | 0.770 # | (28.99%) | (36.64%) | (36.39%) | (41.75%) |
STN | 12 | 32.17 ± 18.35 | 17.67 ± 13.08 | 12.58 ± 10.86 | 10.33 ± 9.55 | 11.67 ± 11.02 | 0.001 # | 0.012 ¥ | 0.015 # | 0.680 ¥ | 0.092 & (46.08%) | 0.073 & (60.29%) | 0.024 & (65.58%) | 0.057 & (63.38%) |
BFMDRS-D | p Value a | p Value (Mean Improvement %) b | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Patients | Pre | 1 mo | 3 mo | 6 mo | 12 mo | 1 mo vs. Pre | 3 mo vs. 1 mo | 6 mo vs. 3 mo | 12 mo vs. 6 mo | 1 mo | 3 mo | 6 mo | 12 mo | |
Total | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 16.18 ± 5.74 | 12.24 ± 5.89 | 11.24 ± 6.43 | 11.41 ± 7.25 | 10.12 ± 7.19 | 0.002 ¥ | 0.082 ¥ | 0.670 ¥ | 0.227 ¥ | (24.46%) | (30.62%) | (30.73%) | (37.79%) |
STN | 12 | 17.33 ± 5.74 | 10.17 ± 4.88 | 7.08 ± 4.85 | 5.92 ± 4.98 | 6.50 ± 5.52 | 0.000 # | 0.000 # | 0.041 ¥ | 0.414 ¥ | 0.051 * (41.62%) | 0.009 * (59.73%) | 0.005 * (65.56%) | 0.05 * (63.08%) |
Speech | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 15 | 1.80 ± 1.08 | 1.47 ± 0.99 | 1.47 ± 1.06 | 1.60 ± 1.18 | 1.47 ± 1.25 | 0.059 ¥ | 1 ¥ | 0.458 ¥ | 0.157 ¥ | (18.89%) | (17.22%) | (13.89%) | (23.89%) |
STN | 5 | 2.20 ± 1.10 | 1.40 ± 1.14 | 1 ± 1.22 | 1 ± 1.23 | 1 ± 1.22 | 0.099 # | 0.157 ¥ | NA | NA | 0.218 & (40%) | 0.151 & (53.33%) | 0.204 & (53.33%) | 0.05 * (53.33%) |
Writing | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 2.29 ± 1.10 | 1.76 ± 0.97 | 1.65 ± 0.93 | 1.71 ± 0.99 | 1.71 ± 1.10 | 0.024 ¥ | 0.480 ¥ | 0.655 ¥ | 1 ¥ | (20.10%) | (15.20%) | (13.73%) | (5.88%) |
STN | 11 | 2.73 ± 1.10 | 1.45 ± 0.82 | 1 ± 1.22 | 0.91 ± 0.54 | 1 ± 0.63 | 0.00 ¥ | 0.025 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.03 & (46.21%) | 0.002 & (66.67%) | 0.001 & (68.94%) | 0.003 & (65.91%) |
Feeding | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 16 | 2.44 ± 1.36 | 1.50 ± 1.21 | 1.38 ± 1.26 | 1.44 ± 1.46 | 1.06 ± 1.12 | 0.017 ¥ | 0.157 ¥ | 1 ¥ | 0.059 ¥ | (31.25%) | (39.06%) | (36.46%) | (47.92%) |
STN | 11 | 3.09 ± 0.94 | 1.45 ± 0.93 | 1 ± 0.89 | 0.73 ± 0.90 | 0.82 ± 0.98 | 0.003 ¥ | 0.059 ¥ | 0.18 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.095 & (56.06%) | 0.114 & (67.42%) | 0.048 & (74.24%) | 0.174 & (71.97%) |
Eating and swallowing | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 9 | 1.56 ± 0.88 | 1.00 ± 1.00 | 1.11 ± 0.93 | 1.22 ± 0.97 | 1.22 ± 0.97 | 0.059 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.655 ¥ | NA | (41%) | (29.63%) | (25.93%) | (25.93%) |
STN | 5 | 1.20 ± 0.45 | 0.80 ± 0.44 | 0.80 ± 0.45 | 0.60 ± 0.55 | 0.80 ± 0.45 | 0.157 ¥ | NA | 0.317 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.708 & (30%) | 0.938 & (30%) | 0.693 & (40%) | 0.815 & (30%) |
Hygiene | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 2.71 ± 1.10 | 2.06 ± 1.14 | 1.82 ± 1.29 | 1.59 ± 1.33 | 1.29 ± 1.21 | 0.016 ¥ | 0.046 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.276 ¥ | (23.53%) | (31.37%) | (37.75%) | (45.10%) |
STN | 12 | 3.08 ± 0.90 | 1.92 ± 0.90 | 1.25 ± 0.97 | 0.92 ± 0.90 | 0.92 ± 1.08 | 0.001 # | 0.005 ¥ | 0.180 ¥ | 1 ¥ | 0.175 & (36.81%) | 0.033 & (61.11%) | 0.041 & (70.14%) | 0.1 & (72.22%) |
Dressing | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 2.59 ± 1.23 | 1.88 ± 1.32 | 1.59 ± 1.23 | 1.65 ± 1.41 | 1.35 ± 1.27 | 0.018 ¥ | 0.025 ¥ | 0.655 ¥ | 0.059 ¥ | (31.86%) | (39.71%) | (36.72%) | (48.53%) |
STN | 12 | 3.00 ± 1.04 | 1.58 ± 1.08 | 1 ± 1.04 | 0.67 ± 0.78 | 0.83 ± 1.03 | 0.003 ¥ | 0.008 ¥ | 0.102 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.173 & (51.39%) | 0.074 & (68.75%) | 0.031 & (77.78%) | 0.134 & (73.61%) |
Walking | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 16 | 4.31 ± 1.35 | 3.38 ± 1.67 | 3.13 ± 1.78 | 3 ± 1.71 | 2.69 ± 1.58 | 0.007 ¥ | 0.102 ¥ | 0.680 ¥ | 0.518 ¥ | (23.75%) | (30.52%) | (32.29%) | (35.63%) |
STN | 12 | 4.42 ± 1.31 | 3.08 ± 1.38 | 2.33 ± 1.56 | 2.17 ± 1.70 | 2.33 ± 1.78 | 0.003 # | 0.011 ¥ | 0.157 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.567 & (28.33) | 0.087 & (50.14%) | 0.099 # (53.47%) | 0.297 * (50.14%) |
GPi | STN | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Patients | 16 | 12 | ||||
SF-36 Subscale | Pre | 12 Month | p Value | Pre | 12 Month | p Value |
General health (range, 0–100) | 35 ± 12.78 | 56.69 ± 22.17 | 0.001 # | 27.92 ± 12.7 | 77.5 ± 24.07 | <0.001 # |
Physical function (range, 0–100) | 30.94 ± 23.40 | 59.69 ± 30.96 | 0.001 # | 18.7 ± 21.33 | 65 ± 36.49 | 0.002 ¥ |
Role—physical (range, 0–100) | 20.31 ± 24.53 | 54.69 ± 36.76 | 0.003 ¥ | 18.75 ± 11.31 | 58.33 ± 37.45 | 0.004 # |
Role—emotional (range, 0–100) | 27.08 ± 30.36 | 54.16 ± 36.27 | 0.007 # | 22.22 ± 32.83 | 75 ± 28.88 | <0.001 # |
Social function (range, 0–100) | 35.41 ± 26.69 | 54.33 ± 29.51 | 0.003 ¥ | 21.28 ± 18.61 | 67.58 ± 30.52 | <0.001 # |
Body pain (range, 0–100) | 56.69 ± 31.37 | 73.56 ± 28 | 0.008 ¥ | 50.17 ± 28.53 | 82.17 ± 23.33 | 0.002 # |
Vitality (range, 0–100) | 45.31 ± 23.63 | 61.88 ± 25.55 | 0.002 ¥ | 40 ± 24.77 | 85 ± 13.98 | <0.001 # |
Mental health (range, 0–100) | 39.75 ± 12.94 | 58 ± 23.87 | 0.002 # | 44 ± 11.44 | 73.67 ± 21.40 | <0.001 # |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Wu, J.; Zhu, G.; Gan, Y.; Meng, F.; Yang, A.; Zhang, J. Pallidal Versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Isolated Dystonia: A Retrospective Study. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4902. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164902
Wu J, Zhu G, Gan Y, Meng F, Yang A, Zhang J. Pallidal Versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Isolated Dystonia: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4902. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164902
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Jingchao, Guanyu Zhu, Yifei Gan, Fangang Meng, Anchao Yang, and Jianguo Zhang. 2024. "Pallidal Versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Isolated Dystonia: A Retrospective Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4902. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164902
APA StyleWu, J., Zhu, G., Gan, Y., Meng, F., Yang, A., & Zhang, J. (2024). Pallidal Versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Isolated Dystonia: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(16), 4902. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164902