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Article

Enhancing Ovarian Tumor Diagnosis: Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks in Classifying Ovarian Masses Using Ultrasound Images

by
Maria Giourga
1,*,
Ioannis Petropoulos
2,
Sofoklis Stavros
3,
Anastasios Potiris
3,
Angeliki Gerede
4,
Ioakeim Sapantzoglou
1,
Maria Fanaki
1,
Eleni Papamattheou
1,
Christina Karasmani
1,
Theodoros Karampitsakos
3,
Spyridon Topis
3,
Athanasios Zikopoulos
3,
Georgios Daskalakis
1 and
Ekaterini Domali
1
1
1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
2
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
3
Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
4
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(14), 4123; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144123
Submission received: 29 May 2024 / Revised: 29 June 2024 / Accepted: 5 July 2024 / Published: 15 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics & Gynecology)
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aims to create a strong binary classifier and evaluate the performance of pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to effectively distinguish between benign and malignant ovarian tumors from still ultrasound images. Methods: The dataset consisted of 3510 ultrasound images from 585 women with ovarian tumors, 390 benign and 195 malignant, that were classified by experts and verified by histopathology. A 20% to80% split for training and validation was applied within a k-fold cross-validation framework, ensuring comprehensive utilization of the dataset. The final classifier was an aggregate of three pre-trained CNNs (VGG16, ResNet50, and InceptionNet), with experimentation focusing on the aggregation weights and decision threshold probability for the classification of each mass. Results: The aggregate model outperformed all individual models, achieving an average sensitivity of 96.5% and specificity of 88.1% compared to the subjective assessment’s (SA) 95.9% sensitivity and 93.9% specificity. All the above results were calculated at a decision threshold probability of 0.2. Notably, misclassifications made by the model were similar to those made by SA. Conclusions: CNNs and AI-assisted image analysis can enhance the diagnosis and aid ultrasonographers with less experience by minimizing errors. Further research is needed to fine-tune CNNs and validate their performance in diverse clinical settings, potentially leading to even higher sensitivity and overall accuracy.
Keywords: ultrasonography; deep learning; ovarian cancer; artificial intelligence; convolutional neural network; diagnosis ultrasonography; deep learning; ovarian cancer; artificial intelligence; convolutional neural network; diagnosis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Giourga, M.; Petropoulos, I.; Stavros, S.; Potiris, A.; Gerede, A.; Sapantzoglou, I.; Fanaki, M.; Papamattheou, E.; Karasmani, C.; Karampitsakos, T.; et al. Enhancing Ovarian Tumor Diagnosis: Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks in Classifying Ovarian Masses Using Ultrasound Images. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144123

AMA Style

Giourga M, Petropoulos I, Stavros S, Potiris A, Gerede A, Sapantzoglou I, Fanaki M, Papamattheou E, Karasmani C, Karampitsakos T, et al. Enhancing Ovarian Tumor Diagnosis: Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks in Classifying Ovarian Masses Using Ultrasound Images. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(14):4123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144123

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giourga, Maria, Ioannis Petropoulos, Sofoklis Stavros, Anastasios Potiris, Angeliki Gerede, Ioakeim Sapantzoglou, Maria Fanaki, Eleni Papamattheou, Christina Karasmani, Theodoros Karampitsakos, and et al. 2024. "Enhancing Ovarian Tumor Diagnosis: Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks in Classifying Ovarian Masses Using Ultrasound Images" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 14: 4123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144123

APA Style

Giourga, M., Petropoulos, I., Stavros, S., Potiris, A., Gerede, A., Sapantzoglou, I., Fanaki, M., Papamattheou, E., Karasmani, C., Karampitsakos, T., Topis, S., Zikopoulos, A., Daskalakis, G., & Domali, E. (2024). Enhancing Ovarian Tumor Diagnosis: Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks in Classifying Ovarian Masses Using Ultrasound Images. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(14), 4123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144123

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