Improving Social and Personal Rhythm Dysregulation in Young and Old Adults with Bipolar Disorder: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial Using Virtual Reality-Based Intervention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Study Sample
2.3. Experimental Intervention
2.4. Outcome and Study Tools
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Implication for Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BRIAN Total Score | TO Mean±SD Normality Test | T1 Mean ± SD Normality Test | T0 vs T1 Mean Difference ± SD |
---|---|---|---|
EG (N = 39) | 49.51 ± 12.70 p = 0.799 | 47.35 ± 12.14 p = 0.656 | −2.16 ± 1.02 |
CG (N = 25) | 48.12 ± 12.29 p = 0.648 | 50.24 ± 12.13 p = 0.893 | +2.12 ± 2.19 |
APC = 8.7%; F = 111.9; p < 0.0001 | |||
EG > 45 (N = 17) | 49.05 ± 13.52 p = 0.867 | 47.64 ± 11.70 p = 0.895 | −1.41 ± 1.53 |
CG > 45 (N = 11) | 48.36 ± 13.99 p = 0.367 | 49.63 ± 12.86 p = 0.854 | +1.27 ± 2.56 |
APC = 5.5%; F = 12.110; p = 0.002 | |||
EG < 46 (N = 22) | 49.86 ± 12.02 p = 0.760 | 47.13 ± 12.54 p = 0.749 | −2.37 ± 1.44 |
CG < 46 (N = 14) | 47.92 ± 10.77 p = 0.777 | 50.71 ± 11.51 p = 0.828 | +2.79 ± 2.26 |
APC = 10.5%; F = 70.46; p < 0.0001 |
BRIAN Components | T0 | T1 | T0 vs T1 |
---|---|---|---|
EG (N39) Sleep | 12.74 ± 4.27 | 12.41 ± 3.63 | −0.31 ± 0.49 |
CG (25) Sleep | 12.64 ± 3.65 | 12.28 ± 3.83 | −0.36 ± 0.58 |
F = 0.137; p = 0.712 | |||
EG (N39) Activities | 13.79 ± 3.99 | 12.41 ± 3.63 | −1.38 ± 0.98 |
CG (25) Activities | 12.24 ± 4.15 | 13.28 ± 4.34 | +1.04 ± 0.73 |
F = 112.2; p < 0.0001 | |||
EG (N39) Social | 8.61 ± 3.04 | 7.89 ± 2.68 | −0.72 ± 0.45 |
CG (25) Social | 8.60 ± 2.57 | 9.12 ± 2.90 | 0.52 ± 0.57 |
F = 93.74; p < 0.0001 | |||
EG (N39) Feeding rhythm | 8.15 ± 3.10 | 8.25 ± 3.63 | +0.10 ± 0.52 |
CG (25) Feeding rhythm | 8.6 ± 3.47 | 8.84 ± 3.24 | +0.24 ± 0.38 |
F = 0.134; p = 0.250 | |||
EG (N39) Chronotype | 6.20 ± 2.02 | 6.10 ± 2.21 | −0.10 ± 0.25 |
CG (25) Chronotype | 6.04 ± 2.19 | 6.72 ± 1.92 | +0.68 ± 0.43 |
F = 84.35; p < 0.0001 |
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Sancassiani, F.; Perra, A.; Kurotschka, P.K.; Kalcev, G.; Galetti, A.; Zaccheddu, R.; Locci, A.; Piludu, F.; Di Natale, L.; De Lorenzo, V.; et al. Improving Social and Personal Rhythm Dysregulation in Young and Old Adults with Bipolar Disorder: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial Using Virtual Reality-Based Intervention. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 3786. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133786
Sancassiani F, Perra A, Kurotschka PK, Kalcev G, Galetti A, Zaccheddu R, Locci A, Piludu F, Di Natale L, De Lorenzo V, et al. Improving Social and Personal Rhythm Dysregulation in Young and Old Adults with Bipolar Disorder: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial Using Virtual Reality-Based Intervention. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(13):3786. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133786
Chicago/Turabian StyleSancassiani, Federica, Alessandra Perra, Peter K. Kurotschka, Goce Kalcev, Alessia Galetti, Rosanna Zaccheddu, Aurora Locci, Federica Piludu, Lorenzo Di Natale, Valerio De Lorenzo, and et al. 2024. "Improving Social and Personal Rhythm Dysregulation in Young and Old Adults with Bipolar Disorder: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial Using Virtual Reality-Based Intervention" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 13: 3786. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133786
APA StyleSancassiani, F., Perra, A., Kurotschka, P. K., Kalcev, G., Galetti, A., Zaccheddu, R., Locci, A., Piludu, F., Di Natale, L., De Lorenzo, V., Fornaro, M., Nardi, A. E., & Primavera, D. (2024). Improving Social and Personal Rhythm Dysregulation in Young and Old Adults with Bipolar Disorder: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial Using Virtual Reality-Based Intervention. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(13), 3786. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133786