Risk Factors for Progression of Cervical Congenital Scoliosis and Associated Compensatory Curve Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Number (%) | Number of Boys (%) | |
---|---|---|
Klippel–Feil syndrome | 23 (60) | 11 (48) |
Torticollis | 8 (21) | 6 (75) |
VACTERL syndrome | 4 (10) | 1 (25) |
Tethered cord syndrome | 3 (7.5) | 1 (33) |
Goldenhar syndrome | 3 (7.5) | 1 (33) |
Sprengel’s deformity | 3 (7.5) | 0 (0) |
Larsen syndrome | 2 (5) | 1 (50) |
Osteogenesis imperfecta | 1 (2.5) | 1 (100) |
Brown syndrome | 1 (2.5) | 1 (100) |
Bruck syndrome | 1 (2.5) | 1 (100) |
Poland’s syndrome | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0) |
Total | 38 (100) | 22 (100) |
At Presentation | Last Follow-Up | Interval Change | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Progression (N = 22) | Progression (N = 16) | p-Value | No Progression (N = 22) | Progression (N = 16) | p-Value | No Progression (N = 22) | Progression (N = 16) | p-Value | |
Age (yr) | 5.8 ± 3.9 | 5.4 ± 4.5 | 0.801 | 8.8 ± 3.3 | 8.5 ± 4.4 | 0.859 | 3.2 ± 3.7 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 0.725 |
Weight (kg) | 18.7 ± 8.4 | 18.2 ± 11.3 | 0.893 | 25.9 ± 11.7 | 26.7 ± 13.1 | 0.829 | 7.7 ± 11.4 | 5.8 ± 6.1 | 0.558 |
Height (cm) | 103.3 ± 16.7 | 98.5 ± 24.5 | 0.534 | 122.7 ± 19.2 | 120.9 ± 23.9 | 0.867 | 21.5 ± 30.6 | 18.7 ± 12.4 | 0.771 |
Cervical coronal curve (°) | 18.6 ± 15.8 | 16.3 ± 18.1 | 0.682 | 22.2 ± 15.8 | 26.2 ± 18.4 | 0.520 | 5.3 ± 4.0 | 8.4 ± 7.2 | 0.151 |
Thoracic coronal curve (°) | 30.2 ± 24.0 | 27.0 ± 18.3 | 0.743 | 54.1 ± 22.6 | 33.2 ± 20.6 | 0.063 | 12.9 ± 16.5 | 7.9 ± 9.9 | 0.436 |
Lumbar coronal curve (°) | 27.7 ± 14.3 | 19.1 ± 9.6 | 0.225 | 39.7 ± 19.8 | 26.6 ± 8.9 | 0.158 | 11.7 ± 7.9 | 5.8 ± 15.4 | 0.502 |
C2 CSVL (mm) | 24.4 ± 11.1 | 6.9 ± 25.2 | 0.860 | 18.2 ± 25.8 | 17.0 ± 23.4 | 0.921 | 18.4 ± 23.1 | −4.9 ± 21.8 | 0.069 |
C7 CSVL (mm) | 25.4 ± 17.1 | 6.9 ± 36.3 | 0.200 | 20.6 ± 24.9 | 15.5 ± 32.7 | 0.739 | 18.7 ± 48.8 | −2.9 ± 13.7 | 0.224 |
C2 SVA (mm) | 57.5 ± 41.1 | 20.8 ± 30.7 | 0.053 | 38.0 ± 10.9 | 28.0 ± 39.7 | 0.569 | −11.2 ± 64.5 | 11.5 ± 47.0 | 0.495 |
C7 SVA (mm) | 51.3 ± 35.8 | 20.9 ± 29.7 | 0.075 | 20.2 ± 4.5 | 25.0 ± 43.4 | 0.813 | −9.6 ± 67.7 | 3.0 ± 52.6 | 0.723 |
Thoracic kyphosis (°) | 40.0 ± 12.5 | 44.0 ± 12.4 | 0.476 | 36.0 ± 4.8 | 43.7 ± 15.0 | 0.279 | −2.0 ± 10.6 | 0.9 ± 8.7 | 0.551 |
Lumbar lordosis (°) | 43.5 ± 13.6 | 50.4 ± 11.9 | 0.233 | 45.3 ± 12.1 | 59.3 ± 13.2 | 0.056 | 8.8 ± 13.0 | 11.7 ± 15.2 | 0.687 |
T1 slope (°) | 23.8 ± 7.1 | 32.4 ± 14.0 | 0.041 | 25.4 ± 6.9 | 26.2 ± 8.3 | 0.784 | −1.1 ± 8.9 | −2.5 ± 13.1 | 0.741 |
Cervical kyphosis (°) | −7.3 ± 20.1 | −10.4 ± 21.3 | 0.666 | −7.9 ± 26.0 | −9.5 ± 24.1 | 0.859 | 1.6 ± 26.1 | −3.6 ± 12.0 | 0.508 |
T1S–cervical kyphosis (°) | 29.6 ± 24.8 | 42.8 ±30.1 | 0.164 | 33.4 ± 29.3 | 35.7 ± 27.8 | 0.819 | 0.9 ± 20.4 | 1.1 ± 18.4 | 0.978 |
Occiput-C2 (°) | 25.5 ± 14.2 | 29.3 ± 16.4 | 0.470 | 18.8 ± 9.8 | 20.4 ± 15.0 | 0.714 | −7.4 ± 14.9 | −4.7 ± 11.7 | 0.598 |
C2-T3 (°) | 16.2 ± 11.4 | 21.9 ± 16.7 | 0.238 | 17.1 ± 16.0 | 19.9 ± 15.9 | 0.624 | −2.9 ± 10.7 | 2.3 ± 10.2 | 0.201 |
Variable | Presentation | Last Follow-Up | Δ | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 7.0 ± 3.9 | 8.7 ± 3.9 | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 0.004 |
Height (cm) | 108.8 ± 15.1 | 120.1 ± 17.4 | 8.9 ± 8.7 | 0.016 |
Weight (kg) | 21.2 ± 10.1 | 24.3 ± 10.2 | 2.6 ± 3.4 | 0.021 |
Cervical major coronal curve (°) | 16.0 ± 14.7 | 21.7 ± 16.4 | 5.7 ± 5.6 | 0.005 |
Thoracic major coronal curve (°) | 33.7 ± 25.6 | 34.6 ± 24.4 | 2.7 ± 15.4 | 0.640 |
Lumbar major coronal curve (°) | 14.8 ± 10.0 | 15.5 ± 9.5 | 1.4 ± 9.8 | 0.673 |
C2-CSVL (mm) | 20.2 ± 15.8 | 14.0 ± 15.7 | −2.0 ± 23.9 | 0.817 |
C7-CSVL (mm) | 22.9 ± 19.0 | 15.6 ± 15.1 | −3.7 ± 18.7 | 0.597 |
C2-SVA (mm) | 34.7 ± 48.8 | 40.4 ± 47.6 | 18.1 ± 67.6 | 0.582 |
C7-SVA (mm) | 29.5 ± 42.8 | 27.7 ± 52.6 | 15.8 ± 66.2 | 0.585 |
Thoracic kyphosis (°) | 43.5 ± 10.6 | 38.0 ± 7.2 | 0.3 ± 7.5 | 0.924 |
Lumbar lordosis (°) | 43.8 ± 16.6 | 48.0 ± 17.4 | 4.0 ± 3.8 | 0.040 |
T1 slope (°) | 23.5 ± 8.5 | 23.1 ± 5.4 | 0.8 ± 7.4 | 0.714 |
T1S-CL (°) | 29.9 ± 29.8 | 24.8 ± 34.3 | 0.6 ± 17.4 | 0.642 |
Cervical lordosis (°) | −8.1 ± 23.5 | −1.7 ± 33.1 | 4.9 ± 28.0 | 0.540 |
O-C2 angle (°) | 27.2 ± 15.9 | 22.1 ± 14.9 | −2.1 ± 10.4 | 0.484 |
C2-T3 angle (°) | 14.7 ± 10.3 | 17.7 ± 16.5 | 3.3 ± 11.0 | 0.324 |
Variable | ρ Cervical major curve | Significance | ρ Thoracic major curve | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | −0.021 | 0.899 | 0.031 | 0.873 |
Height (cm) | −0.275 | 0.128 | −0.048 | 0.811 |
Weight (kg) | −0.312 | 0.068 | −0.082 | 0.672 |
Cervical major coronal curve (°) | 0.218 | 0.247 | ||
Thoracic major coronal curve (°) | 0.218 | 0.247 | ||
Lumbar major coronal curve (°) | 0.409 | 0.028 | 0.377 | 0.048 |
C2-CSVL (mm) | 0.407 | 0.035 | −0.105 | 0.609 |
C7-CSVL (mm) | 0.403 | 0.037 | −0.067 | 0.744 |
C2-SVA (mm) | −0.185 | 0.398 | 0.177 | 0.432 |
C7-SVA (mm) | −0.121 | 0.565 | −0.033 | 0.882 |
Thoracic kyphosis (°) | 0.083 | 0.699 | −0.402 | 0.063 |
Lumbar lordosis (°) | −0.172 | 0.411 | −0.437 | 0.037 |
T1 slope (°) | −0.344 | 0.034 | −0.135 | 0.493 |
T1S-CL (°) | −0.108 | 0.519 | −0.537 | 0.003 |
Cervical lordosis (°) | 0.009 | 0.955 | 0.408 | 0.028 |
O-C2 angle (°) | −0.002 | 0.993 | −0.128 | 0.51 |
C2-T3 angle (°) | −0.011 | 0.95 | −0.267 | 0.177 |
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Amanullah, A.A.; Oh, T.; Toll, B.J.; Patel, A.; Samdani, A.F.; Pahys, J.M.; Kim, A.J.; Vellanki, A.; Steindler, J.; Ishmael, T.G.; et al. Risk Factors for Progression of Cervical Congenital Scoliosis and Associated Compensatory Curve Behavior. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113039
Amanullah AA, Oh T, Toll BJ, Patel A, Samdani AF, Pahys JM, Kim AJ, Vellanki A, Steindler J, Ishmael TG, et al. Risk Factors for Progression of Cervical Congenital Scoliosis and Associated Compensatory Curve Behavior. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(11):3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113039
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanullah, Amir A., Taemin Oh, Brandon J. Toll, Akul Patel, Amer F. Samdani, Joshua M. Pahys, Andrew Jeongyoon Kim, Aniketh Vellanki, Jessica Steindler, Terrence G. Ishmael, and et al. 2024. "Risk Factors for Progression of Cervical Congenital Scoliosis and Associated Compensatory Curve Behavior" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 11: 3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113039
APA StyleAmanullah, A. A., Oh, T., Toll, B. J., Patel, A., Samdani, A. F., Pahys, J. M., Kim, A. J., Vellanki, A., Steindler, J., Ishmael, T. G., & Hwang, S. W. (2024). Risk Factors for Progression of Cervical Congenital Scoliosis and Associated Compensatory Curve Behavior. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(11), 3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113039