The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns in Germany on Mood, Attention Control, Immune Fitness, and Quality of Life of Young Adults with Self-Reported Impaired Wound Healing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Attention Control
3.2. Mood
3.3. Immune Fitness
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control Group | IWH Group | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
N | 251 | 66 | |
Sex (m/f) (%) | 35.5%/64.5% | 21.2%/78.8% | 0.028 * |
Age | 25.7 (4.1) | 24.8 (3.9) | 0.134 |
Immune fitness | 6.9 (2.2) | 5.5 (2.6) | <0.001 * |
Reduced immune fitness (%) | 24.90% | 56.6% | <0.001 * |
Sleep quality | 6.7 (2.3) | 6.1 (2.3) | 0.105 |
Quality of life | 6.8 (2.0) | 5.8 (2.4) | 0.005 * |
Control Group | IWH Group | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
ATTC total score | 51.2 (7.6) | 49.4 (7.9) | 0.151 |
ATTC—Attention focusing | 22.6 (4.3) | 20.7 (4.2) | 0.007 * |
ATTC—Attention shifting | 28.7 (4.7) | 28.6 (4.9) | 0.906 |
Mean (SD) | Overall | Pairwise Comparisons (p-Values) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assessment | Group | BP | L1 | NL1 | L2 | NL2 | p-Value | BP vs. L1 | BP vs. NL1 | BP vs. L2 | BP vs. NL2 |
Stress | IWH | 5.3 (2.0) | 5.9 (2.6) | 4.1 (2.3) | 6.1 (2.3) | 4.8 (2.6) | <0.001 * | 0.120 | 0.004 * | 0.042 | 0.256 |
Control | 4.5 (2.5) | 4.5 (2.6) | 3.7 (2.4) | 5.3 (2.6) | 4.3 (2.6) | <0.001 * | 0.824 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.382 | |
p-value | 0.024 | <0.001 † | 0.295 | 0.060 | 0.172 | ||||||
Fatigue | IWH | 4.5 (2.6) | 5.5 (2.3) | 4.3 (2.3) | 6.5 (2.4) | 5.1 (2.7) | <0.001 * | 0.031 | 0.244 | <0.001 * | 0.039 |
Control | 3.0 (2.4) | 3.4 (2.5) | 2.9 (2.3) | 4.4 (2.7) | 3.4 (2.5) | <0.001 * | 0.027 | 0.439 | <0.001 * | 0.012 | |
p-value | <0.001 † | <0.001 † | <0.001 † | <0.001 † | <0.001 † | ||||||
Anxiety | IWH | 3.9 (2.5) | 5.6 (2.6) | 4.0 (2.5) | 5.6 (2.9) | 4.5 (2.7) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.881 | <0.001 * | 0.310 |
Control | 3.0 (2.6) | 4.1 (2.9) | 3.1 (2.6) | 4.5 (3.0) | 3.3 (2.7) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.496 | <0.001 * | 0.173 | |
p-value | 0.008 † | <0.001 † | 0.008 † | 0.016 | 0.001 † | ||||||
Depression | IWH | 3.1 (3.1) | 4.3 (3.2) | 3.2 (3.0) | 5.0 (3.1) | 4.1 (3.4) | <0.001 * | 0.012 | 0.788 | <0.001 * | 0.049 |
Control | 1.7 (2.3) | 2.3 (2.7) | 1.9 (2.4) | 3.3 (3.1) | 2.3 (2.7) | <0.001 * | 0.005 * | 0.466 | <0.001 * | 0.013 | |
p-value | <0.001 † | <0.001 † | 0.002 † | <0.001 † | <0.001 † | ||||||
Loneliness | IWH | 2.8 (2.8) | 4.7 (3.1) | 3.2 (2.7) | 5.0 (3.4) | 3.7 (3.3) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.591 | <0.001 * | 0.073 |
Control | 1.7 (2.1) | 3.1 (3.0) | 2.1 (2.5) | 3.9 (3.2) | 2.3 (2.6) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.388 | <0.001 * | 0.059 | |
p-value | 0.008 † | <0.001 † | 0.003 † | 0.023 | 0.005 † | ||||||
Optimism | IWH | 6.3 (2.3) | 4.9 (2.3) | 5.8 (2.0) | 4.3 (2.2) | 5.0 (2.7) | <0.001 * | 0.007 * | 0.370 | <0.001 * | 0.002 * |
Control | 6.5 (2.5) | 5.4 (2.4) | 6.0 (2.3) | 4.4 (2.6) | 5.4 (2.7) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.030 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | |
p-value | 0.422 | 0.166 | 0.291 | 0.736 | 0.441 | ||||||
Happiness | IWH | 6.0 (2.4) | 4.6 (2.1) | 6.0 (1.9) | 4.1 (2.2) | 5.1 (2.5) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.952 | <0.001 * | 0.013 |
Control | 6.9 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.5) | 6.5 (2.2) | 5.0 (2.5) | 6.3 (2.4) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.039 | <0.001 * | 0.037 | |
p-value | 0.017 | 0.004 † | 0.054 | 0.017 | 0.001 † | ||||||
Quality of life | IWH | 6.3 (2.3) | 4.6 (1.9) | 6.2 (1.8) | 4.5 (2.2) | 5.8 (2.4) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.806 | <0.001 * | 0.311 |
Control | 7.3 (1.9) | 5.6 (2.4) | 6.8 (1.8) | 5.0 (2.4) | 6.8 (2.0) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.167 | <0.001 * | 0.145 | |
p-value | 0.002 † | 0.006 † | 0.026 | 0.341 | 0.005 † |
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Balikji, J.; Koyun, A.H.; Hendriksen, P.A.; Kiani, P.; Stock, A.-K.; Garssen, J.; Hoogbergen, M.M.; Verster, J.C. The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns in Germany on Mood, Attention Control, Immune Fitness, and Quality of Life of Young Adults with Self-Reported Impaired Wound Healing. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3205. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093205
Balikji J, Koyun AH, Hendriksen PA, Kiani P, Stock A-K, Garssen J, Hoogbergen MM, Verster JC. The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns in Germany on Mood, Attention Control, Immune Fitness, and Quality of Life of Young Adults with Self-Reported Impaired Wound Healing. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(9):3205. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093205
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalikji, Jessica, Anna H. Koyun, Pauline A. Hendriksen, Pantea Kiani, Ann-Kathrin Stock, Johan Garssen, Maarten M. Hoogbergen, and Joris C. Verster. 2023. "The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns in Germany on Mood, Attention Control, Immune Fitness, and Quality of Life of Young Adults with Self-Reported Impaired Wound Healing" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 9: 3205. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093205