Automatic Variable Selection Algorithms in Prognostic Factor Research in Neck Pain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Setting
2.3. Participants
2.4. Sample Size
2.5. Predictor and Outcome Variables
2.6. Preprocessing and Missing Data Handling
2.7. ML Algorithms
2.8. Validation
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total |
---|---|
Neck pain improvement | |
N-Miss | 238 |
No | 757 (27.4) |
Yes | 2006 (72.6) |
Arm pain improvement | |
N-Miss | 1061 |
No | 568 (29.28) |
Yes | 1372 (70.72) |
Disability improvement | |
N-Miss | 1796 |
No | 600 (49.79) |
Yes | 605 (50.21) |
Sex | |
N-Miss | 48 |
Male | 726 (24.59) |
Female | 2227 (75.41) |
Age (years) | |
N-Miss | 21 |
Mean (SD) | 50.29 (15.86) |
Employment | |
N-Miss | 376 |
Not applicable | 1199 (45.68) |
Not working | 197 (7.5) |
Working | 1229 (46.82) |
Pain duration (days) | |
N-Miss | 165 |
Mean (SD) | 493.4 (989.43) |
Time since first episode (years) | |
N-Miss | 120 |
<1 | 648 (22.49) |
1–5 | 984 (34.15) |
5–10 | 677 (23.5) |
>10 | 572 (19.85) |
Chronicity | |
Acute | 971 (32.36) |
Chronic | 2030 (67.64) |
Baseline neck pain | |
N-Miss | 28 |
Mean (SD) | 6.56 (2.25) |
Baseline arm pain | |
N-Miss | 80 |
Mean (SD) | 4.47 (3.38) |
Baseline disability | |
N-Miss | 1194 |
Mean (SD) | 30.84 (22.41) |
Xray diagnosis | |
No | 2302 (76.71) |
Yes | 699 (23.29) |
MRI diagnosis | |
No | 2399 (79.94) |
Yes | 602 (20.06) |
Imaging findings of disc degeneration | |
No | 1666 (55.51) |
Yes | 1335 (44.49) |
Imaging findings of facet degeneration | |
No | 2771 (92.34) |
Yes | 230 (7.66) |
Imaging findings of scoliosis | |
No | 2866 (95.5) |
Yes | 135 (4.5) |
Imaging findings of spinal stenosis | |
No | 2938 (97.9) |
Yes | 63 (2.1) |
Imaging findings of disc protrusion | |
No | 2731 (91) |
Yes | 270 (9) |
Imaging findings of disc herniation | |
No | 2483 (82.74) |
Yes | 518 (17.26) |
Clinical diagnosis | |
Disc protrusion/herniation | 665 (22.16) |
Spinal stenosis | 63 (2.1) |
Non-specific | 2273 (75.74) |
Pharmacological: analgesics | |
No | 1042 (34.72) |
Yes | 1959 (65.28) |
Pharmacological: NSAIDS | |
No | 1175 (39.15) |
Yes | 1826 (60.85) |
Pharmacological: steroids | |
No | 2811 (93.67) |
Yes | 190 (6.33) |
Pharmacological: muscle relaxants | |
No | 2265 (75.47) |
Yes | 736 (24.53) |
Pharmacological: opioids | |
No | 2949 (98.27) |
Yes | 52 (1.73) |
Pharmacological: other | |
No | 2328 (77.57) |
Yes | 673 (22.43) |
Nonpharmacological treatment | |
No | 2587 (86.2) |
Yes | 414 (13.8) |
Neuroreflexotherapy | |
No | 421 (14.03) |
Yes | 2580 (85.97) |
Variables | stepP | stepPAdj | stepAIC | Best Subset | LASSO | LASSO Refit | MCP | mboost | mboost Refit | MuARS | Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex—female | −0.244 | −0.200 | −0.198 | −0.149 | −0.210 | −0.198 | −0.128 | −0.210 | 6 | ||
Age (years) | 0.090 | 0.019 | 0.070 | 0.090 | 0.002 | 0.070 | 4 | ||||
Employment—not working | −0.461 | −0.521 | −0.538 | −0.497 | −0.437 | −0.495 | −0.498 | −0.416 | −0.495 | −0.531 | 8 |
Employment—working | 0.150 | 0.127 | 0.163 | 0.210 | 0.141 | 0.180 | 0.210 | 0.125 | 0.180 | 7 | |
Duration of pain (days) | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.030 | 0.071 | 0.084 | 0.017 | 0.071 | 5 | |||
Time since first episode (years)—1–5 | −0.359 | −0.366 | −0.388 | −0.144 | −0.241 | −0.387 | −0.112 | −0.241 | 6 | ||
Time since first episode (years)—5–10 | −0.233 | −0.234 | −0.270 | −0.269 | 4 | ||||||
Time since first episode (years)—>10 | −0.569 | −0.599 | −0.648 | −0.314 | −0.469 | −0.648 | −0.260 | −0.469 | −0.312 | 7 | |
Chronicity—chronic | −0.555 | −0.540 | −0.527 | −0.411 | −0.536 | −0.528 | −0.366 | −0.536 | −0.537 | 7 | |
Baseline intensity of neck pain | 0.163 | 0.236 | 0.225 | 0.178 | 0.222 | 0.225 | 0.161 | 0.222 | 0.240 | 7 | |
Baseline intensity of arm pain | −0.165 | −0.163 | −0.115 | −0.162 | −0.163 | −0.099 | −0.162 | −0.182 | 6 | ||
Baseline disability | −0.247 | −0.237 | −0.224 | −0.217 | −0.201 | −0.216 | −0.217 | −0.193 | −0.216 | −0.270 | 8 |
Diagnostic procedure: X-ray—yes | 0.211 | 0.212 | 0.167 | 0.205 | 0.212 | 0.153 | 0.205 | 5 | |||
Diagnostic procedure: MRI-yes | −0.052 | −0.052 | 2 | ||||||||
Imaging findings: disc degeneration—yes | −0.242 | −0.293 | −0.191 | −0.144 | −0.185 | −0.191 | −0.129 | −0.185 | 6 | ||
Imaging findings: facet joint degeneration—yes | −0.449 | −0.427 | −0.358 | −0.441 | −0.426 | −0.331 | −0.441 | −0.414 | 6 | ||
Imaging findings: scoliosis—yes | 0.447 | 0.469 | 0.301 | 0.460 | 0.469 | 0.247 | 0.460 | 5 | |||
Imaging findings: spinal stenosis—yes | 0.133 | 0.132 | 2 | ||||||||
Imaging findings: disc protrusion—yes | −0.275 | −0.228 | −0.207 | −0.234 | −0.227 | −0.198 | −0.234 | 5 | |||
Imaging findings: disc herniation—yes | −0.313 | −0.302 | −0.253 | −0.234 | −0.258 | −0.253 | −0.223 | −0.258 | −0.305 | 7 | |
Pharmacological treatment: analgesics—yes | 0.007 | 1 | |||||||||
Pharmacological treatment: NSAIDs—yes | 0.161 | 0.146 | 0.082 | 0.137 | 0.149 | 0.063 | 0.137 | 5 | |||
Pharmacological treatment: steroids—yes | −0.207 | −0.047 | −0.161 | −0.206 | −0.012 | −0.161 | 4 | ||||
Pharmacological treatment: muscle relaxants—yes | 0.136 | 0.054 | 0.127 | 0.137 | 0.029 | 0.127 | 4 | ||||
Pharmacological treatment: opioids—yes | 0.251 | 0.102 | 0.305 | 0.252 | 0.037 | 0.305 | 4 | ||||
Pharmacological treatment: other treatments—yes | 0.089 | 0.089 | 2 | ||||||||
Nonpharmacological treatments—yes | −0.059 | −0.059 | 2 | ||||||||
NRT | 1.987 | 2.343 | 2.239 | 2.186 | 2.031 | 2.136 | 2.186 | 1.987 | 2.136 | 2.296 | 8 |
Number | 11 | 6 | 18 | 28 | 22 | 22 | 27 | 22 | 22 | 9 |
Variables | stepP | stepPAdj | stepAIC | Best Subset | LASSO | LASSO Refit | MCP | mboost | mboost Refit | MuARS | Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex—female | 0 | ||||||||||
Age (years) | 0 | ||||||||||
Employment—not working | −0.538 | −0.454 | −0.429 | −0.364 | −0.481 | −0.458 | −0.312 | −0.486 | −0.429 | 7 | |
Employment—working | 0.189 | −0.008 | 0.026 | −0.025 | 3 | ||||||
Duration of pain (days) | 0.010 | 0.055 | 0.013 | 2 | |||||||
Time since first episode (years)—1–5 | −0.261 | −0.064 | −0.273 | −0.262 | −0.003 | −0.260 | 4 | ||||
Time since first episode (years)—5–10 | −0.533 | −0.350 | −0.314 | −0.559 | −0.538 | −0.238 | −0.539 | −0.350 | 6 | ||
Time since first episode (years)—>10 | −0.726 | −0.542 | −0.511 | −0.762 | −0.732 | −0.430 | −0.729 | −0.542 | 6 | ||
Chronicity—chronic | −0.529 | −0.538 | −0.462 | −0.572 | −0.541 | −0.425 | −0.536 | −0.538 | 6 | ||
Baseline intensity of neck pain | −0.428 | −0.407 | −0.384 | −0.384 | −0.318 | −0.381 | −0.381 | −0.296 | −0.381 | −0.384 | 8 |
Baseline intensity of arm pain | 0.623 | 0.608 | 0.744 | 0.742 | 0.689 | 0.748 | 0.744 | 0.666 | 0.747 | 0.742 | 8 |
Baseline disability | −0.336 | −0.339 | −0.334 | −0.363 | −0.346 | −0.321 | −0.360 | −0.339 | 6 | ||
Diagnostic procedure: X-ray—yes | 0 | ||||||||||
Diagnostic procedure: MRI—yes | 0 | ||||||||||
Imaging findings: disc degeneration—yes | −0.307 | −0.317 | −0.271 | −0.280 | −0.300 | −0.260 | −0.293 | −0.317 | 6 | ||
Imaging findings: facet joint degeneration—yes | −0.038 | −0.068 | −0.029 | −0.071 | 2 | ||||||
Imaging findings: scoliosis—yes | 0.082 | 0.198 | 0.014 | 0.044 | 0.191 | 3 | |||||
Imaging findings: spinal stenosis—yes | −0.220 | −0.304 | −0.149 | −0.187 | −0.321 | 3 | |||||
Imaging findings: disc protrusion—yes | 0.131 | 0.242 | 0.133 | 0.098 | 0.229 | 3 | |||||
Imaging findings: disc herniation—yes | −0.353 | −0.350 | −0.308 | −0.358 | −0.355 | −0.292 | −0.351 | −0.350 | 6 | ||
Pharmacological treatment: analgesics—yes | 0.329 | 0.321 | 0.191 | 0.234 | 0.288 | 0.177 | 0.229 | 0.321 | 6 | ||
Pharmacological treatment: NSAIDs—yes | 0.227 | 0.111 | 0.141 | 0.063 | 0.099 | 0.134 | 4 | ||||
Pharmacological treatment: steroids—yes | 0 | ||||||||||
Pharmacological treatment: muscle relaxants—yes | 0.059 | 0.104 | 0.039 | 0.042 | 0.108 | 3 | |||||
Pharmacological treatment: opioids-yes | 0.792 | 0.793 | 0.605 | 0.792 | 0.731 | 0.547 | 0.796 | 0.793 | 6 | ||
Pharmacological treatment: other treatments—yes | −0.262 | −0.310 | 2 | ||||||||
Nonpharmacological treatments—yes | 0.008 | 0.053 | 1 | ||||||||
NRT | 2.639 | 2.695 | 3.525 | 3.447 | 3.218 | 3.549 | 3.534 | 3.101 | 3.554 | 3.447 | 8 |
Number | 7 | 4 | 14 | 12 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 12 |
Variables | stepP | stepPAdj | stepAIC | Best Subset | LASSO | LASSO Refit | MCP | mboost | mboost Refit | MuARS | Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex—female | 0.232 | 0.108 | 0.096 | 0.108 | 0.099 | 0.063 | 0.108 | 5 | |||
Age (years) | 0.193 | 0.159 | 0.198 | 0.204 | 0.186 | 0.203 | 0.201 | 0.137 | 0.203 | 0.157 | 8 |
Employment—not working | 0.149 | 0.042 | −0.327 | −0.312 | −0.291 | −0.310 | −0.310 | −0.236 | −0.309 | 7 | |
Employment—working | 0.422 | 0.397 | 0.276 | 0.276 | 0.264 | 0.278 | 0.278 | 0.223 | 0.278 | 0.252 | 8 |
Duration of pain (days) | −0.151 | −0.135 | −0.139 | −0.139 | −0.142 | −0.141 | −0.129 | −0.142 | −0.158 | 7 | |
Time since first episode (years)—1–5 | −0.431 | −0.440 | −0.394 | −0.438 | −0.438 | −0.265 | −0.438 | 5 | |||
Time since first episode (years)—5–10 | −0.385 | −0.395 | −0.341 | −0.393 | −0.393 | −0.188 | −0.393 | 5 | |||
Time since first episode (years)—>10 | −0.474 | −0.482 | −0.421 | −0.479 | −0.477 | −0.251 | −0.479 | 5 | |||
Chronicity—chronic | −0.389 | −0.400 | −0.386 | −0.400 | −0.397 | −0.345 | −0.400 | −0.405 | 6 | ||
Baseline intensity of neck pain | 0.096 | 0.090 | 0.084 | 0.089 | 0.088 | 0.068 | 0.089 | 5 | |||
Baseline intensity of arm pain | −0.175 | −0.386 | −0.394 | −0.381 | −0.393 | −0.394 | −0.344 | −0.393 | −0.359 | 7 | |
Baseline disability | 0.426 | 0.433 | 0.421 | 0.433 | 0.432 | 0.387 | 0.433 | 0.447 | 6 | ||
Diagnostic procedure: X-ray—yes | 0.357 | 0.305 | 0.296 | 0.289 | 0.299 | 0.298 | 0.257 | 0.300 | 0.294 | 7 | |
Diagnostic procedure: MRI—yes | 0.270 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 2 | |||||||
Imaging findings: disc degeneration—yes | −0.338 | −0.319 | −0.303 | −0.318 | −0.322 | −0.256 | −0.319 | −0.296 | 6 | ||
Imaging findings: facet joint degeneration—yes | −0.820 | −0.756 | −0.770 | −0.790 | −0.766 | −0.790 | −0.786 | −0.699 | −0.790 | −0.776 | 8 |
Imaging findings: scoliosis—yes | 0.588 | 0.653 | 0.547 | 0.543 | 0.509 | 0.540 | 0.538 | 0.417 | 0.540 | 0.493 | 8 |
Imaging findings: spinal stenosis—yes | −1.420 | −1.331 | −1.777 | −1.761 | −1.703 | −1.763 | −1.758 | −1.540 | −1.761 | −1.628 | 8 |
Imaging findings: disc protrusion—yes | −0.640 | −0.654 | −0.676 | −0.679 | −0.669 | −0.683 | −0.684 | −0.631 | −0.682 | −0.692 | 8 |
Imaging findings: disc herniation—yes | 0.211 | 0.211 | 0.187 | 0.209 | 0.212 | 0.114 | 0.212 | 5 | |||
Pharmacological treatment: analgesics—yes | −0.075 | −0.030 | −0.039 | −0.001 | −0.039 | 3 | |||||
Pharmacological treatment: NSAIDs—yes | −0.060 | −0.069 | −0.076 | −0.037 | −0.068 | 3 | |||||
Pharmacological treatment: steroids—yes | 0.297 | 0.271 | 0.296 | 0.293 | 0.198 | 0.296 | 0.419 | 5 | |||
Pharmacological treatment: muscle relaxants—yes | 0.373 | 0.227 | 0.227 | 0.225 | 0.239 | 0.235 | 0.180 | 0.239 | 6 | ||
Pharmacological treatment: opioids—yes | −0.226 | −0.190 | −0.224 | −0.134 | −0.089 | −0.224 | 4 | ||||
Pharmacological treatment: other treatments—yes | 0.262 | 0.198 | 0.193 | 0.201 | 0.198 | 0.166 | 0.203 | 5 | |||
Nonpharmacological treatments—yes | −0.203 | −0.225 | −0.200 | −0.222 | −0.223 | −0.141 | −0.220 | 5 | |||
NRT | 1.200 | 1.254 | 1.224 | 1.252 | 1.253 | 1.141 | 1.253 | 1.238 | 6 | ||
Number | 12 | 8 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 14 |
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Liew, B.X.W.; Kovacs, F.M.; Rügamer, D.; Royuela, A. Automatic Variable Selection Algorithms in Prognostic Factor Research in Neck Pain. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 6232. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12196232
Liew BXW, Kovacs FM, Rügamer D, Royuela A. Automatic Variable Selection Algorithms in Prognostic Factor Research in Neck Pain. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(19):6232. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12196232
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiew, Bernard X. W., Francisco M. Kovacs, David Rügamer, and Ana Royuela. 2023. "Automatic Variable Selection Algorithms in Prognostic Factor Research in Neck Pain" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 19: 6232. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12196232