Effects of Short-Term Human Albumin Infusion for the Prevention and Treatment of Hyponatremia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Prevention of Hyponatremia
2.3. Treatment of Hyponatremia
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Hospitalization Outcome Cohort
3.2. Long-Term Outcome Cohort
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | No. Pts | Overall | No. Pts | HA Group | No. Pts | Control Group | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 602 | 58.26 (21.14–87.82) 59.15 ± 11.85 | 301 | 58.46 (21.14–87.82) 59.12 ± 12.02 | 301 | 57.69 (29.66–86.00) 59.17 ± 11.69 | 0.916 |
Sex (male) (%) | 602 | 389 (64.60%) | 301 | 192 (63.80%) | 301 | 197 (65.40%) | 0.670 |
Etiology of liver cirrhosis | |||||||
HBV (%) | 602 | 265 (44.00%) | 301 | 145 (48.20%) | 301 | 120 (39.90%) | 0.040 |
HCV (%) | 602 | 57 (9.50%) | 301 | 33 (11.00%) | 301 | 24 (8.00%) | 0.210 |
Alcohol (%) | 602 | 175 (29.10%) | 301 | 88 (29.20%) | 301 | 87 (28.90%) | 0.928 |
HCC (%) | 602 | 167 (27.70%) | 301 | 80 (26.60%) | 301 | 87 (28.90%) | 0.524 |
Hypokalemia (%) | 602 | 73 (12.10%) | 301 | 36 (12.00%) | 301 | 37 (12.30%) | 0.901 |
AUGIB (%) | 602 | 177 (29.40%) | 301 | 88 (29.20%) | 301 | 89 (29.60%) | 0.929 |
Infection (%) | 602 | 197 (32.70%) | 301 | 95 (31.60%) | 301 | 102 (33.90%) | 0.543 |
Ascites (%) | 602 | 349 (58.00%) | 301 | 176 (58.50%) | 301 | 173 (57.50%) | 0.804 |
Paracentesis * (%) | 602 | 43 (7.10%) | 301 | 18 (6.00%) | 301 | 25 (8.30%) | 0.268 |
Laboratory tests | |||||||
Hb (g/L) | 602 | 92.00 (27.00–169.00) 93.84 ± 28.00 | 301 | 91.00 (29.00–164.00) 91.83 ± 26.89 | 301 | 93.00 (27.00–169.00) 95.84 ± 28.97 | 0.132 |
WBC (109/L) | 602 | 4.10 (0.50–33.50) 5.18 ± 3.94 | 301 | 4.00 (0.90–30.20) 4.96 ± 3.61 | 301 | 4.20 (0.50–33.50) 5.41 ± 4.24 | 0.342 |
PLT (109/L) | 602 | 76.50 (9.00–775.00) 97.62 ± 81.23 | 301 | 74.00 (16.00–394.00) 89.86 ± 57.31 | 301 | 78.00 (9.00–775.00) 105.37 ± 99.06 | 0.327 |
TBIL (μmol/L) | 602 | 24.65 (3.40–576.40) 40.77 ± 59.28 | 301 | 23.40 (3.40–423.50) 34.62 ± 46.53 | 301 | 26.70 (5.10–576.40) 46.92 ± 69.27 | 0.048 |
ALB (g/L) | 602 | 30.60 (10.00–53.90) 31.11 ± 6.56 | 301 | 29.30 (13.50–48.50) 29.75 ± 6.42 | 301 | 32.30 (10.00–53.90) 32.47 ± 6.41 | <0.001 |
ALT (U/L) | 602 | 27.50 (4.00–1460.00) 51.84 ± 117.83 | 301 | 27.00 (4.00–730.00) 43.86 ± 58.71 | 301 | 28.00 (6.00–1460.00) 59.82 ± 155.69 | 0.882 |
AKP (U/L) | 602 | 92.00 (1.30–782.00) 119.85 ± 93.81 | 301 | 91.80 (7.05–782.00) 122.82 ± 107.90 | 301 | 92.20 (1.30–511.00) 116.89 ± 77.27 | 0.437 |
Scr (μmol/L) | 602 | 61.80 (2.60–742.00) 76.22 ± 66.70 | 301 | 62.00 (24.00–742.00) 75.20 ± 58.27 | 301 | 61.00 (2.60–715.00) 77.23 ± 74.26 | 0.688 |
K (mmol/L) | 602 | 4.05 (2.05–6.14) 4.04 ± 0.52 | 301 | 4.03 (2.65–5.57) 4.04 ± 0.49 | 301 | 4.07 (2.05–6.14) 4.04 ± 0.55 | 0.849 |
Na (mmol/L) | 602 | 139.30 (135.00–145.00) 139.39 ± 2.57 | 301 | 139.50 (135.00–145.00) 139.50 ± 2.52 | 301 | 139.10 (135.00–145.00) 139.29 ± 2.61 | 0.294 |
PT (seconds) | 602 | 15.80 (11.00–51.00) 16.60 ± 4.16 | 301 | 16.00 (11.00–33.70) 16.48 ± 3.29 | 301 | 15.50 (11.30–51.00) 16.71 ± 4.89 | 0.349 |
INR | 602 | 1.27 (0.79–11.70) 1.39 ± 0.65 | 301 | 1.28 (0.79–3.28) 1.35 ± 0.36 | 301 | 1.24 (0.82–11.70) 1.43 ± 0.85 | 0.634 |
Child–Pugh score | 602 | 8 (5–14) 7.92 ± 1.91 | 301 | 8 (5–14) 7.89 ± 1.78 | 301 | 8 (5–13) 7.96 ± 2.03 | 0.929 |
MELD score | 602 | 6.92 (−21.42–44.70) 8.03 ± 6.76 | 301 | 6.77 (−5.62–26.86) 7.69 ± 5.90 | 301 | 7.24 (−21.42–44.70) 8.37 ± 7.51 | 0.561 |
Treatments | |||||||
Desmopressin (%) | 602 | 46 (7.60%) | 301 | 18 (6.00%) | 301 | 28 (9.30%) | 0.125 |
Terlipressin (%) | 602 | 0 | 301 | 0 | 301 | 0 | \ |
Furosemide (%) | 602 | 390 (64.80%) | 301 | 196 (65.10%) | 301 | 194 (64.50%) | 0.864 |
Torasemide (%) | 602 | 249 (41.40%) | 301 | 133 (44.20%) | 301 | 116 (38.50%) | 0.159 |
Spironolactone (%) | 602 | 302 (50.20%) | 301 | 156 (51.80%) | 301 | 146 (48.50%) | 0.415 |
Hydrochlorothiazide (%) | 602 | 4 (0.70%) | 301 | 3 (1.00%) | 301 | 1 (0.30%) | 0.316 |
Bumetanide (%) | 602 | 8 (1.30%) | 301 | 4 (1.30%) | 301 | 4 (1.30%) | 1.000 |
Tolvaptan (%) | 602 | 2 (0.30%) | 301 | 1 (0.30%) | 301 | 1 (0.30%) | 1.000 |
Hypertonic saline # (%) | 602 | 10 (1.70%) | 301 | 4 (1.30%) | 301 | 6 (2.00%) | 0.524 |
K supplement (%) | 602 | 434 (72.10%) | 301 | 219 (72.80%) | 301 | 215 (71.40%) | 0.716 |
HA dosage (g) | 301 | 30 (10–530) 46.84 ± 46.42 | 301 | 30 (10–530) 46.84 ± 46.42 | NA | NA | \ |
Incidence of hyponatremia (%) | 602 | 175 (29.10%) | 301 | 49 (16.30%) | 301 | 126 (41.90%) | <0.001 |
Variables | No. Pts | Overall | No. Pts | HA Group | No. Pts | Control Group | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 394 | 58.10 (29.94–89.19) 59.48 ± 11.52 | 197 | 58.20 (37.88–85.92) 59.76 ± 11.91 | 197 | 57.97 (29.94–89.19) 59.19 ± 11.14 | 0.777 |
Sex (male) (%) | 394 | 280 (71.10%) | 197 | 142 (72.10%) | 197 | 138 (70.10%) | 0.657 |
Etiology of liver cirrhosis | |||||||
HBV (%) | 394 | 153 (38.80%) | 197 | 82 (41.60%) | 197 | 71 (36.00%) | 0.256 |
HCV (%) | 394 | 48 (12.20%) | 197 | 28 (14.20%) | 197 | 20 (10.20%) | 0.218 |
Alcohol (%) | 394 | 137 (34.80%) | 197 | 66 (33.50%) | 197 | 71 (36.00%) | 0.597 |
HCC (%) | 394 | 90 (22.80%) | 197 | 51 (25.90%) | 197 | 39 (19.80%) | 0.150 |
Hypokalemia (%) | 394 | 63 (16.00%) | 197 | 33 (16.80%) | 197 | 30 (15.20%) | 0.680 |
AUGIB (%) | 394 | 81 (20.60%) | 197 | 38 (19.30%) | 197 | 43 (21.80%) | 0.533 |
Infection (%) | 394 | 161 (40.90%) | 197 | 81 (41.10%) | 197 | 80 (40.60%) | 0.918 |
Ascites (%) | 394 | 270 (68.50%) | 197 | 136 (69.00%) | 197 | 134 (68.00%) | 0.828 |
Paracentesis * (%) | 394 | 51 (12.90%) | 197 | 23 (11.70%) | 197 | 28 (14.20%) | 0.453 |
Severity of hyponatremia | |||||||
Mild (%)/Moderate (%)/Severe (%) | 394 | 313 (79.40%)/58 (14.70%)/23 (5.80%) | 197 | 155 (78.70%)/29 (14.70%)/13 (6.60%) | 197 | 158 (80.20%)/29 (14.70%)/10 (5.10%) | 0.811 |
Laboratory tests | |||||||
Hb (g/L) | 394 | 94.00 (35.00–180.00) 93.93 ± 28.35 | 197 | 93.00 (36.00–180.00) 94.04 ± 29.00 | 197 | 96.00 (35.00–157.00) 93.81 ± 27.75 | 0.812 |
WBC (109/L) | 394 | 5.50 (0.50–31.10) 6.61 ± 4.64 | 197 | 5.70 (0.90–31.10) 6.88 ± 5.06 | 197 | 5.50 (0.50–30.70) 6.33 ± 4.17 | 0.636 |
PLT (109/L) | 394 | 84.00 (5.00–464.00) 100.93 ± 71.42 | 197 | 81.00 (13.00–365.00) 99.57 ± 66.64 | 197 | 84.00 (5.00–464.00) 102.28 ± 76.04 | 0.907 |
TBIL (μmol/L) | 394 | 33.30 (2.70–809.80) 72.40 ± 107.12 | 197 | 31.10 (2.70–454.70) 62.18 ± 82.29 | 197 | 36.40 (4.20–809.80) 82.63 ± 126.71 | 0.155 |
ALB (g/L) | 394 | 29.00 (12.40–52.80) 29.58 ± 6.58 | 197 | 27.90 (12.40–50.00) 28.89 ± 6.60 | 197 | 29.60 (13.70–52.80) 30.27 ± 6.48 | 0.017 |
ALT (U/L) | 394 | 31.00 (7.00–3471.00) 63.59 ± 197.28 | 197 | 30.00 (7.00–3471.00) 70.23 ± 256.54 | 197 | 33.00 (8.00–1335.00) 56.94 ± 110.16 | 0.508 |
AKP (U/L) | 394 | 104.00 (35.00–1075.00) 143.88 ± 126.34 | 197 | 100.00 (39.00–586.00) 128.25 ± 91.63 | 197 | 109.00 (35.00–1075.00) 159.51 ± 152.04 | 0.122 |
Scr (μmol/L) | 394 | 64.00 (24.00–761.00) 88.89 ± 85.07 | 197 | 65.00 (30.00–636.00) 88.10 ± 74.03 | 197 | 63.00 (24.00–761.00) 89.69 ± 95.02 | 0.242 |
K (mmol/L) | 394 | 4.04 (2.09–6.95) 4.07 ± 0.68 | 197 | 4.08 (2.09–6.95) 4.09 ± 0.68 | 197 | 4.02 (2.17–6.37) 4.05 ± 0.69 | 0.600 |
Na (mmol/L) | 394 | 132.55 (102.90–134.90) 131.54 ± 3.59 | 197 | 132.60 (115.80–134.90) 131.73 ± 3.20 | 197 | 132.40 (102.90–134.90) 131.35 ± 3.94 | 0.381 |
PT (seconds) | 394 | 16.25 (11.00–63.30) 17.58 ± 5.21 | 197 | 16.50 (11.00–63.30) 17.66 ± 5.53 | 197 | 16.00 (11.20–40.90) 17.49 ± 4.87 | 0.427 |
INR | 394 | 1.31 (0.81–11.70) 1.51 ± 0.81 | 197 | 1.32 (0.84–8.05) 1.49 ± 0.70 | 197 | 1.30 (0.81–11.70) 1.53 ± 0.92 | 0.600 |
Child–Pugh score | 394 | 9 (5–15) 8.82 ± 2.16 | 197 | 9 (5–14) 8.70 ± 2.03 | 197 | 9 (5–15) 8.95 ± 2.28 | 0.695 |
MELD score | 394 | 9.58 (−5.22–43.97) 11.12 ± 8.75 | 197 | 9.70 (−5.22–43.97) 10.95 ± 8.23 | 197 | 9.39 (−4.79–40.95) 11.28 ± 9.26 | 0.986 |
Treatments | |||||||
Desmopressin (%) | 394 | 11 (2.80%) | 197 | 7 (3.60%) | 197 | 4 (2.00%) | 0.359 |
Terlipressin (%) | 394 | 0 | 197 | 0 | 197 | 0 | \ |
Furosemide (%) | 394 | 294 (74.60%) | 197 | 146 (74.10%) | 197 | 148 (75.10%) | 0.817 |
Torasemide (%) | 394 | 191 (48.50%) | 197 | 99 (50.30%) | 197 | 92 (46.70%) | 0.480 |
Spironolactone (%) | 394 | 227 (57.60%) | 197 | 114 (57.90%) | 197 | 113 (57.40%) | 0.919 |
Hydrochlorothiazide (%) | 394 | 4 (1.00%) | 197 | 2 (1.00%) | 197 | 2 (1.00%) | 1.000 |
Bumetanide (%) | 394 | 9 (2.30%) | 197 | 5 (2.50%) | 197 | 4 (2.00%) | 0.736 |
Tolvaptan (%) | 394 | 0 | 197 | 0 | 197 | 0 | \ |
Hypertonic saline # (%) | 394 | 34 (8.60%) | 197 | 17 (8.60%) | 197 | 17 (8.60%) | 1.000 |
K supplement (%) | 394 | 291 (73.90%) | 197 | 147 (74.60%) | 197 | 144 (73.10%) | 0.731 |
HA dosage (g) | 197 | 40.00 (10.00–380.00) 53.20 ± 47.48 | 197 | 40.00 (10.00–380.00) 53.20 ± 47.48 | NA | NA | \ |
Improvement of hyponatremia (%) | 394 | 271 (68.80%) | 197 | 163 (82.70%) | 197 | 108 (54.80%) | <0.001 |
Variables | No. Pts | Overall | No. Pts | HA Group | No. Pts | Control Group | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 78 | 57.93 (30.21–78.36) 57.49 ± 10.71 | 39 | 58.10 (30.21–78.36) 56.59 ± 11.40 | 39 | 58.10 (33.61–77.30) 58.39 ± 10.04 | 0.371 |
Sex (male) (%) | 78 | 51 (65.40%) | 39 | 26 (66.70%) | 39 | 25 (64.10%) | 0.812 |
Etiology of liver cirrhosis | |||||||
HBV (%) | 78 | 32 (41.00%) | 39 | 18 (46.20%) | 39 | 14 (35.90%) | 0.357 |
HCV (%) | 78 | 4 (5.10%) | 39 | 3 (7.70%) | 39 | 1 (2.60%) | 0.305 |
Alcohol (%) | 78 | 30 (38.50%) | 39 | 14 (35.90%) | 39 | 16 (41.00%) | 0.642 |
Hypokalemia (%) | 78 | 16 (20.50%) | 39 | 6 (15.40%) | 39 | 10 (25.60%) | 0.262 |
AUGIB (%) | 78 | 27 (34.60%) | 39 | 12 (30.80%) | 39 | 15 (38.50%) | 0.475 |
Infection (%) | 78 | 8 (10.30%) | 39 | 5 (12.80%) | 39 | 3 (7.70%) | 0.455 |
Ascites (%) | 78 | 65 (83.30%) | 39 | 32 (82.10%) | 39 | 33 (84.60%) | 0.761 |
Paracentesis * (%) | 78 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 39 | 0 | \ |
Laboratory tests | |||||||
Hb (g/L) | 78 | 85.00 (37.00–150.00) 89.95 ± 26.53 | 39 | 95.00 (43.00–150.00) 93.13 ± 24.82 | 39 | 80.00 (37.00–136.00) 86.77 ± 28.10 | 0.259 |
WBC (109/L) | 78 | 3.70 (0.80–10.60) 4.15 ± 2.03 | 39 | 4.30 (1.00–10.60) 4.40 ± 1.96 | 39 | 3.50 (0.80–9.30) 3.90 ± 2.10 | 0.106 |
PLT (109/L) | 78 | 77.50 (19.00–470.00) 100.92 ± 71.19 | 39 | 79.00 (19.00–470.00) 105.15 ± 80.12 | 39 | 77.00 (34.00–302.00) 96.69 ± 61.74 | 0.649 |
TBIL (μmol/L) | 78 | 27.05 (8.00–281.10) 38.08 ± 40.23 | 39 | 27.50 (8.80–100.40) 33.92 ± 24.29 | 39 | 24.70 (8.00–281.10) 42.23 ± 51.52 | 0.901 |
ALB (g/L) | 78 | 28.70 (19.00–38.00) 28.58 ± 4.40 | 39 | 26.80 (19.00–38.00) 27.25 ± 4.62 | 39 | 30.50 (21.50–37.00) 29.91 ± 3.78 | 0.009 |
ALT (U/L) | 78 | 26.55 (8.17–613.24) 48.72 ± 75.91 | 39 | 27.30 (12.18–241.21) 47.07 ± 43.79 | 39 | 24.95 (8.17–613.24) 50.37 ± 98.76 | 0.169 |
AKP (U/L) | 78 | 103.97 (31.00–2525.27) 171.11 ± 299.77 | 39 | 103.66 (31.00–983.93) 143.44 ± 152.69 | 39 | 104.62 (33.66–2525.27) 198.78 ± 396.49 | 0.964 |
Scr (μmol/L) | 78 | 60.81 (40.21–178.55) 67.55 ± 22.28 | 39 | 72.04 (40.70–178.55) 74.86 ± 26.14 | 39 | 54.45 (40.21–99.20) 60.24 ± 14.58 | 0.004 |
K (mmol/L) | 78 | 3.84 (2.42–5.19) 3.81 ± 0.49 | 39 | 3.86 (2.42–5.19) 3.85 ± 0.53 | 39 | 3.79 (2.84–4.70) 3.77 ± 0.44 | 0.433 |
Na (mmol/L) | 78 | 138.10 (135.50–144.30) 138.62 ± 2.18 | 39 | 137.60 (135.50–144.30) 138.33 ± 2.09 | 39 | 138.40 (135.50–144.20) 138.92 ± 2.26 | 0.243 |
PT (seconds) | 78 | 15.95 (12.50–27.40) 16.61 ± 2.73 | 39 | 16.00 (12.60–23.90) 16.66 ± 2.35 | 39 | 15.60 (12.50–27.40) 16.56 ± 3.10 | 0.330 |
INR | 78 | 1.27 (0.94–2.55) 1.36 ± 0.28 | 39 | 1.30 (1.00–2.08) 1.37 ± 0.24 | 39 | 1.26 (0.94–2.55) 1.36 ± 0.33 | 0.298 |
Child–Pugh score | 78 | 8 (5–12) 8.33 ± 1.30 | 39 | 8 (6–12) 8.41 ± 1.29 | 39 | 8 (5–11) 8.26 ± 1.31 | 0.905 |
MELD score | 78 | 8.05 (−2.35–22.73) 8.22 ± 4.90 | 39 | 8.50 (−2.35–19.43) 9.18 ± 4.68 | 39 | 7.08 (−0.56–22.73) 7.26 ± 4.99 | 0.055 |
Treatments | |||||||
Desmopressin (%) | 78 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 39 | 0 | \ |
Terlipressin (%) | 78 | 9 (11.50%) | 39 | 5 (12.80%) | 39 | 4 (10.30%) | 0.723 |
Furosemide (%) | 78 | 28 (35.90%) | 39 | 13 (33.33%) | 39 | 15 (38.50%) | 0.637 |
Torasemide (%) | 78 | 38 (48.70%) | 39 | 20 (51.30%) | 39 | 18 (46.20%) | 0.651 |
Spironolactone (%) | 78 | 33 (42.30%) | 39 | 15 (38.50%) | 39 | 18 (46.20%) | 0.492 |
Hydrochlorothiazide (%) | 78 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 39 | 0 | \ |
Bumetanide (%) | 78 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 39 | 0 | \ |
Tolvaptan (%) | 78 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 39 | 0 | \ |
Hypertonic saline # (%) | 78 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 39 | 0 | \ |
K supplement (%) | 78 | 62 (79.50%) | 39 | 30 (76.90%) | 39 | 32 (82.10%) | 0.575 |
HA dosage (g) | 39 | 30.00 (10.00–150.00) 42.56 ± 32.18 | 39 | 30.00 (10.00–150.00) 42.56 ± 32.18 | NA | NA | \ |
Incidence of hyponatremia (%) | 78 | 15 (19.20%) | 39 | 3 (7.70%) | 39 | 12 (30.80%) | 0.010 |
Variables | No. Pts | Overall | No. Pts | HA Group | No. Pts | Control Group | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 16 | 55.90 (32.78–80.79) 56.49 ± 13.32 | 8 | 56.69 (44.18–80.79) 58.80 ± 13.07 | 8 | 53.84 (32.78–70.79) 54.18 ± 14.04 | 0.529 |
Sex (male) (%) | 16 | 10 (62.50%) | 8 | 4 (50.00%) | 8 | 6 (75.00%) | 0.320 |
Etiology of liver cirrhosis | |||||||
HBV (%) | 16 | 4 (25.00%) | 8 | 3 (37.50%) | 8 | 1 (12.50%) | 0.248 |
HCV (%) | 16 | 3 (18.80%) | 8 | 1 (12.50%) | 8 | 2 (25.00%) | 0.522 |
Alcohol (%) | 16 | 6 (37.50%) | 8 | 3 (37.50%) | 8 | 3 (37.50%) | 1.000 |
Hypokalemia (%) | 16 | 3 (18.80%) | 8 | 3 (37.50%) | 8 | 0 | 0.055 |
AUGIB (%) | 16 | 10 (62.50%) | 8 | 5 (62.50%) | 8 | 5 (62.50%) | 1.000 |
Infection (%) | 16 | 3 (18.80%) | 8 | 2 (25.00%) | 8 | 1 (12.50%) | 0.522 |
Ascites (%) | 16 | 16 (100.00%) | 8 | 8 (100.00%) | 8 | 8 (100.00%) | \ |
Paracentesis * (%) | 16 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | \ |
Laboratory tests | |||||||
Hb (g/L) | 16 | 75.00 (59.00–135.00) 81.94 ± 22.29 | 8 | 74.5 (59.00–100.00) 77.13 ± 16.39 | 8 | 76.00 (60.00–135.00) 86.75 ± 27.26 | 0.563 |
WBC (109/L) | 16 | 6.45 (1.70–20.30) 7.16 ± 4.38 | 8 | 6.70 (2.30–20.30) 8.30 ± 5.70 | 8 | 6.25 (1.70–9.20) 6.03 ± 2.39 | 0.563 |
PLT (109/L) | 16 | 96.50 (22.00–215.00) 100.13 ± 59.72 | 8 | 82.50 (22.00–215.00) 83.50 ± 60.95 | 8 | 123.00 (30.00–203.00) 103.00 ± 67.30 | 0.128 |
TBIL (μmol/L) | 16 | 34.50 (13.10–281.10) 59.68 ± 71.23 | 8 | 31.10 (13.10–177.90) 53.69 ± 54.44 | 8 | 36.45 (14.70–281.10) 65.68 ± 88.46 | 0.834 |
ALB (g/L) | 16 | 28.05 (19.00–34.00) 27.04 ± 4.32 | 8 | 25.95 (19.00–28.50) 25.03 ± 3.37 | 8 | 30.00 (19.30–34.00) 29.05 ± 4.40 | 0.015 |
ALT (U/L) | 16 | 24.04 (10.26–613.24) 68.07 ± 146.75 | 8 | 23.16 (10.26–68.00) 27.53 ± 19.09 | 8 | 40.66 (10.92–613.24) 108.61 ± 205.00 | 0.294 |
AKP (U/L) | 16 | 85.12 (43.51–351.14) 114.80 ± 78.75 | 8 | 90.87 (43.51–187.00) 97.97 ± 47.90 | 8 | 85.12 (62.00–351.14) 131.64 ± 101.72 | 0.529 |
Scr (μmol/L) | 16 | 66.99 (37.66–99.20) 67.65 ± 15.69 | 8 | 68.25 (37.66–90.10) 67.61 ± 17.79 | 8 | 66.99 (51.90–99.20) 67.69 ± 14.52 | 0.916 |
K (mmol/L) | 16 | 3.94 (2.72–4.51) 3.77 ± 0.49 | 8 | 3.68 (2.72–4.12) 3.51 ± 0.53 | 8 | 4.01 (3.64–4.51) 4.04 ± 0.27 | 0.040 |
Na (mmol/L) | 16 | 133.95 (127.00–134.90) 133.27 ± 2.14 | 8 | 133.20 (127.00–134.70) 132.31 ± 2.68 | 8 | 134.6 (132.80–134.90) 134.23 ± 0.73 | 0.073 |
PT (seconds) | 16 | 16.75 (13.80–23.90) 17.78 ± 3.62 | 8 | 18.35 (13.80–23.90) 18.68 ± 4.27 | 8 | 16.05 (14.00–22.20) 16.89 ± 2.83 | 0.529 |
INR | 16 | 1.38 (1.06–2.08) 1.49 ± 0.37 | 8 | 1.54 (1.09–2.08) 1.58 ± 0.42 | 8 | 1.33 (1.06–2.04) 1.40 ± 0.32 | 0.344 |
Child–Pugh score | 16 | 9 (7–12) 9.44 ± 1.36 | 8 | 9 (8–12) 9.75 ± 1.49 | 8 | 9 (7–11) 9.13 ± 1.25 | 0.451 |
MELD score | 16 | 9.65 (5.37–18.77) 10.65 ± 4.48 | 8 | 9.65 (5.37–18.77) 11.07 ± 4.95 | 8 | 9.75 (5.42–16.07) 10.23 ± 4.25 | 0.834 |
Treatments | |||||||
Desmopressin (%) | 16 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | \ |
Terlipressin (%) | 16 | 1 (6.30%) | 8 | 0 | 8 | 1 (12.50%) | 0.302 |
Furosemide (%) | 16 | 9 (56.30%) | 8 | 5 (62.50%) | 8 | 4 (50.00%) | 0.614 |
Torasemide (%) | 16 | 11 (68.80%) | 8 | 5 (62.50%) | 8 | 6 (75.00%) | 0.590 |
Spironolactone (%) | 16 | 8 (50.00%) | 8 | 3 (37.50%) | 8 | 5 (62.50%) | 0.317 |
Hydrochlorothiazide (%) | 16 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | \ |
Bumetanide (%) | 16 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | \ |
Tolvaptan (%) | 16 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | \ |
Hypertonic saline # (%) | 16 | 1 (12.50%) | 8 | 1 (12.50%) | 8 | 0 | 0.302 |
K supplement (%) | 16 | 14 (87.50%) | 8 | 7 (87.50%) | 8 | 7 (87.50%) | 1.000 |
HA dosage (g) | 8 | 40.00 (20.00–180.00) 60.00 ± 53.72 | 8 | 40.00 (20.00–180.00) 60.00 ± 53.72 | NA | NA | \ |
Improvement of hyponatremia (%) | 16 | 10 (62.50%) | 8 | 7 (87.50%) | 8 | 3 (37.50%) | 0.039 |
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Bai, Z.; Xu, W.; Chai, L.; Zheng, X.; Méndez-Sánchez, N.; Philips, C.A.; Cheng, G.; Qi, X. Effects of Short-Term Human Albumin Infusion for the Prevention and Treatment of Hyponatremia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010107
Bai Z, Xu W, Chai L, Zheng X, Méndez-Sánchez N, Philips CA, Cheng G, Qi X. Effects of Short-Term Human Albumin Infusion for the Prevention and Treatment of Hyponatremia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(1):107. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010107
Chicago/Turabian StyleBai, Zhaohui, Wentao Xu, Lu Chai, Xiaojie Zheng, Nahum Méndez-Sánchez, Cyriac Abby Philips, Gang Cheng, and Xingshun Qi. 2023. "Effects of Short-Term Human Albumin Infusion for the Prevention and Treatment of Hyponatremia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 1: 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010107
APA StyleBai, Z., Xu, W., Chai, L., Zheng, X., Méndez-Sánchez, N., Philips, C. A., Cheng, G., & Qi, X. (2023). Effects of Short-Term Human Albumin Infusion for the Prevention and Treatment of Hyponatremia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010107