The TSH/Thyroid Hormones Axis and Breast Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis and Systemic Effects Related to Cancer Pathogenesis
3. Expression and Actions of Thyroid Hormone Receptors and Other Proteins of the Axis on Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
4. Expression of TRs, TSHR and Related Proteins in Human Breast Cancers and Prognosis According to Subtype
Study | Number of Patients | Type of Cancer | Receptor Sub-Type | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alyusuf et al. [54] | 46 patients with cancer and 100 controls with benign lesions and normal tissues | All | TRα1 | Decreased expression in cancer compared to normal mammary tissue and benign lesions. |
Charalampoudis et al. [55] | 41 patients (tumors and normal tissues) | All (23 ER-positive, 11 HER2-positive) | TRα | Decreased expression in cancer compared to normal mammary tissue. Partial loss in larger and high-grade tumors. |
Conde et al. [56] | 52 patients with invasive cancers, 20 patients with in situ cancers and 12 controls with benign lesions | All | TRα, TRβ | TRα located in nuclei of normal cells and the cytoplasm of pathologic lesions. The reverse is true for TRβ except for invasive cancers, which showed a similar cytoplasmic localization to TRα. |
Heublein et al. [57] | 86 sporadic and 38 BRCA1-associated breast cancer patients | All | TRα, TRβ | TRβ is a good prognostic factor in BRCA1-associated cancers and TRα is an adverse prognostic factor. |
Ditsch et al. [58] | 82 patients | All | TRα1, TRα2, TRβ1, TRβ2 | Both receptor isotypes are expressed in subsets of breast cancers. |
Jerzak et al. [59] | 130 patient | All (95 ER-positive, 17 HER2 positive) | TRα1, TRα2 | TRα1 and TRα2 positivity (Allred score above 6) was observed in 74% and 40% of cases. |
Jerzak et al. [62] | 796 patients | All (616 ER-positive, 219 HER2-positive) | TRβ1 | High expression of TRβ1 is associated with better cancer-specific survival. |
Gu et al. [63] | 227 patients | Triple-negative breast cancers | TRβ | High expression of TRβ1 is associated with better disease-free survival |
5. Circulating Thyroid Hormones and Breast Cancer Prognosis
6. Therapeutic Perspective
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Voutsadakis, I.A. The TSH/Thyroid Hormones Axis and Breast Cancer. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030687
Voutsadakis IA. The TSH/Thyroid Hormones Axis and Breast Cancer. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(3):687. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030687
Chicago/Turabian StyleVoutsadakis, Ioannis A. 2022. "The TSH/Thyroid Hormones Axis and Breast Cancer" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 3: 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030687