Next Article in Journal
Effect of Preoperative Anxiety on Postoperative Pain after Craniotomy
Next Article in Special Issue
Profiling and Association over Time between Disability and Pain Features in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Longitudinal Study
Previous Article in Journal
Procalcitonin Predicts Bacterial Infection, but Not Long-Term Occurrence of Adverse Events in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Previous Article in Special Issue
Opioid Prescription Following Wrist and Ankle Fracture Fixation in Scotland—Tradition Prevails
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
JCM
Volume 11
Issue 3
10.3390/jcm11030555
jcm-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Does Pain Extent Predict Ongoing Pain and Disability in Patients with Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders?

by
Ahmed Alalawi
1,2,
David W. Evans
1,
Bernard Liew
3,
Anneli Peolsson
4,5,
Nicola Heneghan
1,
Alison Rushton
1,
Gunnel Peterson
4,6,
Marco Barbero
7 and
Deborah Falla
1,*
1
Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 1JN, UK
2
Physical Therapy Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
3
School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3WA, UK
4
Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
5
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Clinical Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
6
Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
7
Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, 6928 Manno, Switzerland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(3), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030555
Submission received: 14 December 2021 / Revised: 19 January 2022 / Accepted: 20 January 2022 / Published: 22 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Musculoskeletal Pain and Its Management)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study investigates whether baseline pain extent, extracted from an electronic pain drawing, is an independent predictive factor of pain and disability measured 1 year and 2 years later in people with chronic WAD. Participants completed questionnaires assessing neck pain intensity, disability via the Neck Disability Index (NDI), psychological features, and work ability. Participants also completed electronic pain drawings from which their pain extent was extracted. A two-step modelling approach was undertaken to identify the crude and adjusted association between pain extent and NDI measured at 1-year and 2-year follow-ups. A total of 205 participants were included in the analysis. The univariate analysis showed that pain extent was significantly associated with the NDI score at the 1-year (p = 0.006, 95% CI: 0.159–0.909) and 2-year (p = 0.029, 0.057–0.914) follow-ups. These associations were not maintained when we introduced perceived disability, psychological health, and work ability into the model after 1 year (p = 0.56, 95%CI: −0.28–0.499) and 2 years (p = 0.401, −0.226–0.544). Pain extent, as an independent factor, was significantly associated with perceived pain and disability in patients with chronic WAD for up to 2 years. This association was masked by neck disability, psychological health, and work ability.
Keywords: whiplash injury; outcome; widespread pain; pain drawings; prognosis whiplash injury; outcome; widespread pain; pain drawings; prognosis

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Alalawi, A.; Evans, D.W.; Liew, B.; Peolsson, A.; Heneghan, N.; Rushton, A.; Peterson, G.; Barbero, M.; Falla, D. Does Pain Extent Predict Ongoing Pain and Disability in Patients with Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders? J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030555

AMA Style

Alalawi A, Evans DW, Liew B, Peolsson A, Heneghan N, Rushton A, Peterson G, Barbero M, Falla D. Does Pain Extent Predict Ongoing Pain and Disability in Patients with Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(3):555. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030555

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alalawi, Ahmed, David W. Evans, Bernard Liew, Anneli Peolsson, Nicola Heneghan, Alison Rushton, Gunnel Peterson, Marco Barbero, and Deborah Falla. 2022. "Does Pain Extent Predict Ongoing Pain and Disability in Patients with Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 3: 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030555

APA Style

Alalawi, A., Evans, D. W., Liew, B., Peolsson, A., Heneghan, N., Rushton, A., Peterson, G., Barbero, M., & Falla, D. (2022). Does Pain Extent Predict Ongoing Pain and Disability in Patients with Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(3), 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030555

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop