Becoming a Teenager after Early Surgical Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Repair: Longitudinal Biopsychological Data on Mental Health and Maternal Involvement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aims of This Study
3. Methods
3.1. Study Design and Participants
3.2. Measurements
3.2.1. Socioeconomic Status
3.2.2. Neurodevelopment
3.2.3. Child Internalizing and Externalizing Outcomes
3.2.4. Health-Related Quality of Life
3.2.5. Maternal Anxiety
3.2.6. Maternal Proactive Parenting Behavior
3.2.7. Hair Cortisol
4. Statistical Analyses
5. Results
5.1. Preliminary Analyses
5.2. Longitudinal Outcomes
5.2.1. Children’s Neurodevelopment
5.2.2. Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Outcomes—Maternal Reports
5.2.3. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)
5.3. Cross-Sectional Outcomes
5.3.1. Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Outcomes—Children’s Reports
5.3.2. Children’s Hair Cortisol
6. Discussion
6.1. Long-Term Psychological Adjustment
6.2. Children’s Self-Reported Psychological Adjustment and Stress System in Adolescence
7. Strengths and Limitations
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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VSD (n = 24) | Controls (n = 24) | Statistics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M/n | SD/% | M/n | SD/% | t/χ2 | d/φ | |
Mother-related | ||||||
Anxietyt1 | 44.48 | 8.68 | 46.38 | 7.87 | −0.79 | −0.23 |
Anxietyt2 | 39.88 | 4.52 | 46.75 | 9.49 | 3.20 | 0.93 ** |
Parentingt1 | 3.41 | 0.62 | 3.59 | 0.49 | 1.05 | 0.31 |
Parentingt2 | 3.47 | 0.67 | 3.23 | 0.51 | −1.34 | 0.41 |
Child-related | ||||||
Child’s age (y) | 12.40 | 0.93 | 13.19 | 0.24 | 4.04 | 1.17 ** |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 11 | 45.80 | 10 | 41.70 | 0.09 | −0.04 |
Female | 13 | 54.20 | 14 | 58.30 | ||
Physical development | ||||||
BMI | 20.58 | 7.29 | 20.05 | 3.14 | −0.32 | −0.09 |
School level | ||||||
low | 9 | 37.50 | 4 | 16.70 | 2.65 | 0.24 |
middle | 7 | 29.20 | 9 | 37.50 | ||
high | 8 | 33.30 | 11 | 45.80 |
VSD | Controls | Statistics (df = 32) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | M (SD) | Min | Max | n | M (SD) | Min | Max | t | p | d | |
HCC, ng/mL | 14 | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.02 | 0.31 | 20 | 0.19 (0.13) | 0.04 | 0.51 | 2.04 | 0.050 | 0.71 |
Hair sample weight, mg | 14 | 19.34 (5.71) | 9.80 | 29.60 | 20 | 21.97 (10.57) | 3.06 | 56.90 | 0.85 | 0.404 | 0.30 |
Cortisol-to-weight-ratio, pg/mg | 14 | 1.41 (0.87) | 0.33 | 3.45 | 20 | 2.33 (1.51) | 0.60 | 7.20 | 2.04 | 0.050 | 0.71 |
VSD | Controls | Statistics F (η2p) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | Group | Group × Time | Group × Anxiety t1 | Group × Anxiety t1 × Time | |||||
Neurodevelopment | ||||||||||||
Cognitivet1 | 97.11 | 12.19 | 105.17 | 11.34 | 0.08 | (0.00) | 0.13 | (0.00) | 0.59 | (0.02) | 0.12 | (0.00) |
Cognitivet2 | 99.72 | 11.42 | 107.83 | 10.04 | ||||||||
Languaget1 | −0.42 | 1.06 | 0.46 | 0.78 | 0.44 | (0.01) | 2.93 + | (0.07) | 0.02 | (0.00) | 4.04 + | (0.10) |
Languaget2 | −0.26 | 1.12 | 0.18 | 0.67 | ||||||||
Maternal psychopathology rating | ||||||||||||
Depressiont1 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 4.01 + | (0.09) | 0.07 | (0.00) | 5.40 * | (0.12) | 0.13 | (0.00) |
Depressiont2 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.12 | ||||||||
Anxietyt1 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 4.71 * | (0.11) | 0.28 | (0.01) | 6.84 * | (0.15) | 0.39 | (0.01) |
Anxietyt2 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.14 | ||||||||
ADHDt1 | 0.62 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 0.45 | 1.04 | (0.02) | 0.29 | (0.01) | 1.15 | (0.03) | 0.19 | (0.00) |
ADHDt2 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.40 | ||||||||
Antisocialt1 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.54 | (0.01) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.52 | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.00) |
Antisocialt2 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.09 | ||||||||
Quality of life | ||||||||||||
Mothert1 | 86.35 | 7.11 | 80.30 | 9.06 | 2.06 | (0.05) | 1.11 | (0.03) | 1.55 | (0.04) | 2.12 | (0.05) |
Mothert2 | 64.60 | 9.86 | 64.00 | 7.89 | ||||||||
Childt1 | 74.15 | 12.96 | 74.24 | 9.29 | 0.31 | (0.01) | 0.48 | (0.01) | 0.27 | (0.01) | 0.62 | (0.02) |
Childt2 | 63.25 | 9.77 | 62.00 | 8.94 |
VSD | Controls | Statistics F (η2p) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | Group | Group × Time | Group × Parenting t1 | Group × Parenting t1 × Time | |||||
Neurodevelopment | ||||||||||||
Cognitivet1 | 97.11 | 12.19 | 104.38 | 11.46 | 1.60 | (0.04) | 1.41 | (0.04) | 0.82 | (0.02) | 1.37 | (0.04) |
Cognitivet2 | 99.72 | 11.42 | 107.39 | 10.02 | ||||||||
Languaget1 | −0.42 | 1.06 | 0.50 | 0.78 | 3.22 + | (0.08) | 3.23 + | (0.08) | 1.89 | (0.05) | 2.51 | (0.07) |
Languaget2 | −0.26 | 1.12 | 0.20 | 0.68 | ||||||||
Maternal psychopathology rating | ||||||||||||
Depressiont1 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 2.83 | (0.07) | 0.24 | (0.01) | 2.30 | (0.06) | 0.17 | (0.00) |
Depressiont2 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.12 | ||||||||
Anxietyt1 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 3.12 + | (0.08) | 0.34 | (0.01) | 2.42 | (0.06) | 0.30 | (0.01) |
Anxietyt2 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.14 | ||||||||
ADHDt1 | 0.62 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 0.46 | 0.74 | (0.02) | 3.01 + | (0.07) | 0.75 | (0.02) | 2.89 | (0.06) |
ADHDt2 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.40 | ||||||||
Antisocialt1 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.56 | (0.01) | 0.06 | (0.00) | 0.59 | (0.02) | 0.10 | (0.00) |
Antisocialt2 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.09 | ||||||||
Quality of life | ||||||||||||
Mothert1 | 86.35 | 7.11 | 80.07 | 9.20 | 2.94 + | (0.07) | 2.50 | (0.06) | 3.82 + | (0.10) | 3.90 + | (0.09) |
Mothert2 | 64.60 | 9.86 | 64.17 | 8.02 | ||||||||
Childt1 | 74.15 | 12.96 | 74.44 | 9.45 | 4.52 * | (0.11) | 0.83 | (0.02) | 4.60 * | (0.12) | 0.77 | (0.02) |
Childt2 | 63.25 | 9.77 | 62.26 | 9.05 |
VSD | Controls | Statistics F (η2p) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||||
Adolescent‘s psychopathology rating | group | group × anxiety t1 | ||||||
Depressiont2 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 1.36 | (0.03) | 1.31 | (0.03) |
Anxietyt2 | 0.34 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.33 | (0.01) | 0.27 | (0.01) |
ADHDt2 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.32 | (0.01) |
Antisocialt2 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.92 | (0.02) | 1.03 | (0.03) |
group × anxiety t2 | ||||||||
Depressiont2 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.09 | (0.00) | 0.10 | (0.00) |
Anxietyt2 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.03 | (0.00) | 0.02 | (0.00) |
ADHDt2 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.93 | (0.02) | 0.39 | (0.01) |
Antisocialt2 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 3.26 + | (0.07) | 3.34 + | (0.08) |
group × parenting t1 | ||||||||
Depressiont2 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 6.56 * | (0.15) | 6.87 * | (0.15) |
Anxietyt2 | 0.34 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 3.98 + | (0.10) | 4.42 * | (0.11) |
ADHDt2 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 1.61 | (0.04) | 0.76 | (0.02) |
Antisocialt2 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 1.64 | (0.04) | 10.57 | (0.04) |
group × parenting t2 | ||||||||
Depressiont2 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 1.23 | (0.03) | 1.33 | (0.03) |
Anxietyt2 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.09 | (0.00) | 0.12 | (0.00) |
ADHDt2 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.11 | (0.00) | 0.04 | (0.00) |
Antisocialt2 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.30 | (0.01) | 0.28 | (0.01) |
Cortisol Adolescent | group | group × anxietyt1 | ||||||
0.18 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.03 | (0.00) | |
group × anxiety t2 | ||||||||
0.17 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.00) | |
group × parenting t1 | ||||||||
0.18 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 2.58 | 0.08 | 3.73 + | (0.12) | |
group × parenting t2 | ||||||||
0.27 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 3.09 + | 0.10 | 3.94 + | (0.12) |
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Lang, L.; Gerlach, J.; Plank, A.-C.; Purbojo, A.; Cesnjevar, R.A.; Kratz, O.; Moll, G.H.; Eichler, A. Becoming a Teenager after Early Surgical Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Repair: Longitudinal Biopsychological Data on Mental Health and Maternal Involvement. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 7242. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237242
Lang L, Gerlach J, Plank A-C, Purbojo A, Cesnjevar RA, Kratz O, Moll GH, Eichler A. Becoming a Teenager after Early Surgical Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Repair: Longitudinal Biopsychological Data on Mental Health and Maternal Involvement. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(23):7242. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237242
Chicago/Turabian StyleLang, Laura, Jennifer Gerlach, Anne-Christine Plank, Ariawan Purbojo, Robert A. Cesnjevar, Oliver Kratz, Gunther H. Moll, and Anna Eichler. 2022. "Becoming a Teenager after Early Surgical Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Repair: Longitudinal Biopsychological Data on Mental Health and Maternal Involvement" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 23: 7242. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237242