We thank Merkaš and Lakušić for commenting on our recently published paper; in the paper, we suggested that resources in a patient’s social environment may moderate the benefit of one single-session trauma-focused counseling in the prevention of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms []. Their comment gives a comprehensive summary on the topic of ACS-induced PTSD and its treatment []. We agree with the authors that guidelines and standards regarding the identification and treatment of patients at high risk for developing PTSD after ACS remain lacking.
We designed the MI-SPRINT study to test whether trauma-focused psychological counseling is more effective than stress-focused counseling in preventing PTSD symptoms after acute ACS []. Our study showed no beneficial effect of trauma-focused counseling on PTSD symptoms; after 3 and 12 months, we found no difference in the severity of PTSD symptoms between patients with early trauma-focused counseling and those with stress-focused counseling in the total sample. However, our results suggested that psychological counseling in general might help distressed patients to prevent posttraumatic psychological responses compared with no intervention [,].
Importantly, PTSD symptoms that had developed after 3 months were shown to have been persistent up to 12 months after ACS, despite the delivery of one session of early psychological counseling []. Furthermore, as alluded to above, we showed that social support and cardiac rehabilitation act as moderators of the intervention; specifically, trauma-focused counseling was associated with fewer PTSD symptoms compared with stress-focused counseling in patients with high social support and with longer participation in cardiac rehabilitation []. Moreover, the data of MI-SPRINT showed that several factors contribute to identifying patients at risk for ACS-induced PTSD symptoms, such as high perceived distress during ACS [], perception of higher harmful consequences of the illness [], perception of a hectic hospital environment [], sleep problems [], and low trait resilience []. Screening for risk factors or specific symptoms—e.g., in the cardiac rehabilitation setting, as indicated by the Merkaš and Lakušić []—is important. However, we believe that screening alone may have little clinical benefit. It will be much more crucial to offer effective treatment to patients identified at high risk of developing PTSD or patients with established PTSD symptoms. In summary, further studies are needed to develop a standardized approach for the screening of patients at risk of clinically relevant, ACS-induced PTSD symptoms and to establish efficacious interventions that can be applied in a clinical setting. For instance, multisession early counseling could be elaborated and tested based on our findings to prevent the development of PTSD symptoms in patients at risk.
Funding
This research was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant number 140960.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- von Känel, R.; Meister-Langraf, R.E.; Barth, J.; Znoj, H.; Schmid, J.-P.; Schnyder, U.; Princip, M. Early Trauma-Focused Counseling for the Prevention of Acute Coronary Syndrome-Induced Posttraumatic Stress: Social and Health Care Resources Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 1993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sopek Merkaš, I.; Lakušić, N. Comment on von Känel et al. Early Trauma-Focused Counseling for the Prevention of Acute Coronary Syndrome-Induced Posttraumatic Stress: Social and Health Care Resources Matter. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 1993. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 6036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meister, R.; Princip, M.; Schmid, J.P.; Schnyder, U.; Barth, J.; Znoj, H.; Herbert, C.; von Känel, R. Myocardial Infarction—Stress Prevention INTervention (MI-SPRINT) to reduce the incidence of posttraumatic stress after acute myocardial infarction through trauma-focused psychological counseling: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013, 14, 329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- von Känel, R.; Barth, J.; Princip, M.; Meister-Langraf, R.; Schmid, J.P.; Znoj, H.; Herbert, C.; Schnyder, U. Early psychological counseling for the prevention of posttraumatic stress induced by acute coronary syndrome: The MI-SPRINT randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom 2018, 87, 75–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Princip, M.; Pazhenkottil, A.P.; Barth, J.; Schnyder, U.; Znoj, H.; Schmid, J.P.; Langraf-Meister, R.E.; von Känel, R.; Ledermann, K. Effect of Early Psychological Counseling for the Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Induced by Acute Coronary Syndrome at Long-Term Follow-Up. Front. Psychiatry 2022, 13, 846397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- von Känel, R.; Meister-Langraf, R.E.; Barth, J.; Schnyder, U.; Pazhenkottil, A.P.; Ledermann, K.; Schmid, J.P.; Znoj, H.; Herbert, C.; Princip, M. Course, Moderators, and Predictors of Acute Coronary Syndrome-Induced Post-traumatic Stress: A Secondary Analysis from the Myocardial Infarction-Stress Prevention Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial.Front. Psychiatry 2021, 12, 621284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Princip, M.; Gattlen, C.; Meister-Langraf, R.E.; Schnyder, U.; Znoj, H.; Bath, J.; Schmid, J.P.; von Känel, R. The Role of Illness Perception and Its Association with Posttraumatic Stress at 3 Months Following Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meister, R.E.; Weber, T.; Princip, M.; Schnyder, U.; Barth, J.; Znoj, H.; Schmid, J.P.; von Känel, R. Perception of a hectic hospital environment at admission relates to acute stress disorder symptoms in myocardial infarction patients. Gen. Hosp. Psy. 2016, 39, 8–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- von Känel, R.; Meister-Langraf, R.E.; Pazhenkottil, A.P.; Barth, J.; Schnyder, U.; Schmid, J.P.; Znoj, H.; Princip, M. Insomnia Symptoms and Acute Coronary Syndrome—Induced Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Comprehensive Analysis of Cross-sectional and Prospective Associations. Ann. Behav. Med. 2021, 55, 1019–1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meister, R.E.; Princip, M.; Schnyder, U.; Barth, J.; Znoj, H.; Schmid, J.P.; Wittmann, L.; von Känel, R. Association of Trait Resilience with Peritraumatic and Posttraumatic Stress in Patients with Myocardial Infarction. Psychosom. Med. 2016, 78, 327–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).