The First Evidence on the Occurrence of Bisphenol Analogues in the Aqueous Humor of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Standards and Solvents
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. LC-MS/MS
2.5. Validation
2.5.1. Calibration Standards and Quality Control Samples
2.5.2. Linearity
2.5.3. Precision and Accuracy
2.5.4. LOD, LOQ
2.5.5. Matrix Effects, Recovery
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. UHPLC–MS/MS Analysis
3.2. Validation Protocol
3.3. Concentrations of BPs in AH Samples
3.4. Comparison between the Specific Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Gender | n | % | Min–Max Age | Median Age | Mean Age ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cases (n = 44) | Female | 26 | 59.1 | 49–92 | 84.88 | 77.77 ± 7.12 |
Male | 18 | 40.9 | 53–90 | 75.00 | 73.72 ± 8.22 |
Compound | Precursor Ion (m/z) | Product Ion (m/z) | DP (V) | EP (V) | CE (V) | CXP (V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bisphenol A | 227.2 | 212.0 133.0 | −130 −130 | −10 −10 | −24 −32 | −16 −16 |
Bisphenol F | 199.2 | 93.0 105.0 | −130 −130 | −10 −10 | −28 −28 | −12 −12 |
Bisphenol A–D16 (IS) | 241.2 | 142.1 | −130 | −10 | −40 | −16 |
Compounds | LOD (ng mL−1) | LOQ (ng mL−1) | Matrix Effect (%) | Working Range (ng mL−1) | Determination Coefficient (R2) | Calibration Curve |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bisphenol A | 0.13 | 0.248 | 4.0 ± 1.6% | 0.25–20.0 | 0.987 | y = 0.216x + 0.05 |
Bisphenol F | 0.14 | 0.252 | 3.9 ± 2.5% | 0.25–20.0 | 0.989 | y = 0.291x + 0.01 |
Concentration (ng mL−1) | Repeatability (RSDr, %) (n = 6) | Within-Lab Reproducibility (RSDwR, %) (n = 18) | Expanded Uncertainty (ng mL−1) | Apparent Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bisphenol A | ||||
0.25 | 3.8 ± 4.1 | 4.8 ± 4.2 | - | 103.3 ±3.2 |
1.0 | 3.5 ± 3.3 | 4.5 ± 3.9 | 1.0 ± 0.17 | 104.3 ± 2.7 |
2.5 | 2.9 ± 2.8 | 3.6 ± 3.4 | - | 102.1 ± 2.5 |
10.0 | 3.0 ± 3.1 | 4.0 ± 3.3 | - | 104.3 ± 4.0 |
20.0 | 2.9 ± 3.1 | 4.1 ± 3.3 | - | 103.8 ± 3.7 |
Bisphenol F | ||||
0.25 | 3.6 ± 4.5 | 4.6 ± 4.3 | - | 99.9 ± 3.6 |
1.0 | 3.6 ± 3.7 | 4.1 ± 3.9 | 1.0 ± 0.22 | 103.2 ± 3.4 |
2.5 | 3.1 ± 3.8 | 3.9 ± 3.6 | - | 104.2 ± 3.5 |
10.0 | 3.4 ± 3.3 | 4.1 ± 3.6 | - | 103.9 ± 3.4 |
20.0 | 3.5 ± 3.1 | 4.2 ± 3.4 | - | 103.6 ± 3.5 |
Parameter | BPA-1 | BPA-2 | BPA-Free |
---|---|---|---|
Mean [ng mL−1] | 0.8809 | 0.9191 | 0.3857 |
Standard error | 0.2285 | 0.2261 | 0.2021 |
Median | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mode | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Standard deviation | 1.5157 | 1.4998 | 1.34055 |
Sample variance | 2.2973 | 2.2494 | 1.7971 |
Kurtosis | 7.7144 | 4.6902 | 35.4541 |
Skewness | 2.4863 | 2.02203 | 5.7367 |
Range | 7.51 | 6.87 | 8.65 |
Minimum | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Maximum | 7.51 | 6.87 | 8.65 |
Sum | 38.76 | 40.44 | 16.97 |
Count | 44 | 44 | 44 |
DF (n) | 18 | 18 | 12 |
DF (%) | 40.91 | 40.91 | 27.27 |
P25 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P50 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P75 | 1.185 | 1.458 | 0.3 |
P90 | 2.638 | 2.906 | 0.866 |
P99 | 5.915 | 5.597 | 5.657 |
Gender | Vars | n | Mean | Sd | Median | Trimmed | Mad | Min | Max | Range | Skew | Kurtosis | Se |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
female | 1 | 26 | 1.60 | 3.08 | 0.41 | 0.94 | 0.61 | 0 | 14.38 | 14.38 | 2.88 | 8.72 | 0.60 |
male | 1 | 18 | 3.03 | 3.16 | 2.20 | 2.87 | 3.27 | 0 | 8.65 | 8.65 | 0.58 | −1.34 | 0.74 |
Group | Vars | n | Mean | Sd | Median | Trimmed | Mad | Min | Max | Range | Skew | Kurtosis | Se |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cataract | 1 | 23 | 1.54 | 2.30 | 0.50 | 1.07 | 0.74 | 0 | 8.65 | 8.65 | 1.70 | 2.12 | 0.48 |
cataract, AMD, glaucoma | 1 | 15 | 3.62 | 4.27 | 1.90 | 3.07 | 2.82 | 0 | 14.38 | 14.38 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 1.10 |
Group | Vars | n | Mean | Sd | Median | Trimmed | Mad | Min | Max | Range | Skew | Kurtosis | Se |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cataract | 1 | 20 | 1.62 | 2.44 | 0.41 | 1.09 | 0.61 | 0 | 8.65 | 8.65 | 1.55 | 1.42 | 0.54 |
cataract, glaucoma, AMD, diabetes | 1 | 18 | 3.19 | 4.02 | 1.43 | 2.68 | 2.12 | 0 | 14.38 | 14.38 | 1.25 | 0.75 | 0.95 |
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Flieger, J.; Śniegocki, T.; Dolar-Szczasny, J.; Załuska, W.; Rejdak, R. The First Evidence on the Occurrence of Bisphenol Analogues in the Aqueous Humor of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 6402. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216402
Flieger J, Śniegocki T, Dolar-Szczasny J, Załuska W, Rejdak R. The First Evidence on the Occurrence of Bisphenol Analogues in the Aqueous Humor of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(21):6402. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216402
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlieger, Jolanta, Tomasz Śniegocki, Joanna Dolar-Szczasny, Wojciech Załuska, and Robert Rejdak. 2022. "The First Evidence on the Occurrence of Bisphenol Analogues in the Aqueous Humor of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 21: 6402. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216402