Sluggish Cognitive Tempo among Iranian Children and Adolescents: A Validation Study of the Farsi Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI)–Parent Version
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Findings of SCT in Children and Adolescents in the US, South Korea, Turkey, and Spain
1.2. The Current Study
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Sociodemographic Information
2.3.2. Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory; Translation Process
2.3.3. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); Parent Version
2.3.4. Quality of Life; Kidscreen; Parent Version
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Internal Validity of SCT and ADHD-IN Symptoms
3.2. Correlations of SCT and ADHD-IN Factors with CABI, SDQ, and Kidscreen Scales
3.3. Unique Relationships of SCT and ADHD-IN Factors with CABI, SDQ, and Kidscreen Scales
4. Discussion
4.1. SCT and ADHD-IN Traits
4.2. SCT and ADHD-IN Traits Related to Other Psychological Dimensions and Behavior
4.3. SCT, ADHD-IN, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Social Problems
4.4. SCT and Social Problems; Possible Explanations
4.5. Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms | SCT Factor | ADHD-IN Factor |
---|---|---|
1. Behavior is slow (sluggish) | 0.52 (0.10) | 0.13 (0.11) ns |
2. Lost in a fog | 0.49 (0.10) | 0.37 (0.10) |
3. Stares blankly into space | 0.72 (0.10) | −0.03 (0.11) ns |
4. Drowsy or sleepy (yawns) during the day | 0.76 (0.06) | −0.08 (0.08) ns |
5. Daydreams | 0.64 (0.06) | 0.00 (0.06) ns |
6. Loses train of thought | 0.43 (0.09) | 0.36 (0.08) |
7. Low level of activity (underactive) | 0.64 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.07) ns |
8. Gets lost in own thoughts | 0.56 (0.09) | 0.30 (0.09) |
9. Easily tired or fatigued | 0.78 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.08) ns |
10. Forgets what is going to say | 0.60 (0.08) | 0.00 (0.10) ns |
11. Easily confused | 0.61 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.08) |
12. Spaces or zones out | 0.55 (0.10) | 0.08 (0.11) ns |
13. Gets mixed up | 0.72 (0.06) | 0.00 (0.07) ns |
14. Thinking is slow | 0.76 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.09) ns |
15. Difficulty expressing thoughts | 0.60 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.08) ns |
ADHD-Inattention Symptoms | ||
1. Close attention to detail | −0.04 (0.09) ns | 0.82 (0.07) |
2. Sustaining attention | 0.00 (0.01) ns | 0.87 (0.04) |
3. Listening when spoken to directly | 0.06 (0.09) ns | 0.74 (0.08) |
4. Follow through on instructions | −0.06 (0.10) ns | 0.89 (0.08) |
5. Organization skills | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.60 (0.08) |
6. Avoids tasks requiring sustained effort | 0.26 (0.09) | 0.53 (0.08) |
7. Loses things | 0.13 (0.11) ns | 0.55 (0.10) |
8. Easily distracted | 0.18 (0.10) ns | 0.69 (0.08) |
9. Forgetful in daily activities | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.55 (0.08) |
External Correlates | SCT Factor | ADHD-IN Factor |
---|---|---|
CABI Scales | ||
Anxiety | 0.56 (0.04) | 0.42 (0.05) |
Depression | 0.58 (0.04) | 0.49 (0.04) |
ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity | 0.51(0.04) | 0.59(0.04) |
Oppositional defiant disorder | 0.61 (0.03) | 0.56 (0.04) |
Callous-unemotional behavior | 0.18 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.07) |
Social impairment | 0.29 (0.06) | 0.37 (0.07) |
Academic impairment | 0.39 (0.07) | 0.52 (0.07) |
SDQ Scales | ||
Emotional problems | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.39 (0.06) |
Conduct problems | 0.39 (0.05) | 0.42 (0.05) |
Peer problems | 0.29 (0.06) | 0.23 (0.06) |
Prosocial behavior | −0.31 (0.07) | −0.29 (0.07) |
Kidscreen Scales | ||
Physical well-being | 0.14 (0.07) ns | 0.15 (0.07) ns |
Psychological well-being | −0.35 (0.06) | −0.28 (0.07) |
Autonomy and parent relationships | −0.23 (0.07) | −0.13 (0.07) ns |
Quality of social support/peer relationships | −0.47 (0.05) | −0.48 (0.06) |
Well-being/school performance | 0.20 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.07) |
External Correlates | SCT Factor | ADHD-IN Factor |
---|---|---|
CABI Scales | ||
Anxiety | 0.49 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.09) ns |
Depression | 0.45 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.07) |
ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.44 (0.08) |
Oppositional defiant disorder | 0.43 (0.05) | 0.28 (0.06) |
Callous-unemotional behavior | 0.02 (0.10) ns | 0.26 (0.10) |
Social impairment | 0.09 (0.09) ns | 0.32 (0.09) |
Academic impairment | 0.11 (0.09) ns | 0.45 (0.08) |
SDQ Scales | ||
Emotional problems | 0.39 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.09) ns |
Conduct problems | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) |
Peer problems | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.07 (0.09) ns |
Prosocial behavior | −0.21 (0.10) | −0.16 (0.10) ns |
Kidscreen Scales | ||
Physical well-being | 0.07 (0.11) ns | 0.11 (0.10) ns |
Psychological well-being | −0.29 (0.11) | −0.09 (0.12) ns |
Autonomy and parent relationships | −0.24 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.10) ns |
Quality of social support/peer relationships | −0.27 (0.08) | −0.31 (0.09) |
Well-being/school performance | 0.09 (0.09) ns | 0.19 (0.10) ns |
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Sadeghi-Bahmani, D.; Mohammadian, Y.; Ghasemi, M.; Bahmani, L.S.; Piri, N.; Brühl, A.B.; Becker, S.P.; Burns, G.L.; Brand, S. Sluggish Cognitive Tempo among Iranian Children and Adolescents: A Validation Study of the Farsi Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI)–Parent Version. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 6346. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216346
Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Mohammadian Y, Ghasemi M, Bahmani LS, Piri N, Brühl AB, Becker SP, Burns GL, Brand S. Sluggish Cognitive Tempo among Iranian Children and Adolescents: A Validation Study of the Farsi Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI)–Parent Version. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(21):6346. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216346
Chicago/Turabian StyleSadeghi-Bahmani, Dena, Youkhabeh Mohammadian, Mohammad Ghasemi, Laleh Sadeghi Bahmani, Nahid Piri, Annette Beatrix Brühl, Stephen P. Becker, G. Leonard Burns, and Serge Brand. 2022. "Sluggish Cognitive Tempo among Iranian Children and Adolescents: A Validation Study of the Farsi Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI)–Parent Version" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 21: 6346. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216346
APA StyleSadeghi-Bahmani, D., Mohammadian, Y., Ghasemi, M., Bahmani, L. S., Piri, N., Brühl, A. B., Becker, S. P., Burns, G. L., & Brand, S. (2022). Sluggish Cognitive Tempo among Iranian Children and Adolescents: A Validation Study of the Farsi Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI)–Parent Version. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(21), 6346. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216346